• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1990

As a series of investigation on the ex-N compounds, the amino acid composition of the naturally grown and cultured prawn meat extracts was analyzed according to the following extraction conditions: 70% ethyl alcohol extraction, alcohol treatment of the same concentration after hot water extraction for 30 min, and 5% TCA treatment. The Protein content and the level of pure protein was 22 .8% and 18.4% in naturally grown prawn muscle, and 21.8% and 15.3% in the cultured prawn muscle, respectively. None protein nitrogenous compounds of the extracts were 4.4% in the naturally grown prawn muscle and 6.5% in the cultured prawn muscle, respectively. According to the different extract condition, ex-N compounds and the amino acid composition and related compounds and the amino acid composition and related compounds showed high level from 5% trichloroacetic acid extraction. The content of ex-N compounds of the cultured prawn muscle was 1033.0mg%. whereas the content of amino acids and related compounds-N was 825.3mg%, nearly reached to 80% to the total extractive nitrogen. A common feature of the free amino acid composition in the extracts of the muscles of the naturally grown and cultured prawn was high contents of glycine, proline, taurine, alanine and hydroxyproline.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.785-790
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• 2011

This study investigated the nutritive quality of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed either moist pellet (MP) or moist pellet mixed with mushroom extract (MPME) for 6 months. There was no significant difference in crude protein or extractive nitrogen in the muscle of flounder fed MP versus MPME (P > 0.05). The total amino acid content in the muscle of flounder fed MP was $15.22{\pm}5.24$ g/100 g, compared to $19.90{\pm}2.90$ g/100 g for flounder fed MPME. Essential amino acid content was $7.04{\pm}2.21$ g/100 g in the muscle of flounder fed MP versus $8.94{\pm}2.50$ g/100 g for MPME. Total amino acid content was higher in the muscle of olive flounder fed MPME, while essential amino acid content was higher in flounder fed MP. The ratio of non-essential amino acids to essential amino acids was $0.86{\pm}0.07$ for flounder fed MP and $0.81{\pm}0.08$ for flounder fed MPME. There was no significant difference in free amino acid content and fatty acid composition. The breaking strength of muscle of olive flounder fed MP was higher ($1.44{\pm}0.51\;kg/cm^2$) than in flounder fed MPME ($1.29{\pm}0.30\;kg/cm^2$). There was no evidence that dietary additives, such as mushroom extract, increase growth rate or nutritive quality of olive flounder.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.214-222
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• 2022

In these proceedings, we will address the problem of air pollution on the premises of the Cement factory SHARRCEM L.L.C. in Hani Elezit in the Republic of Kosovo respectively around the clinker cooler, rotary kiln, and raw material mill. By air pollution, we mean the introduction of chemicals, particles, or other harmful materials into the atmosphere which in one way or another causing damage to the development of plants and organisms. Air pollution occurs when certain substances are released into the air, which depending on the quantitative level, can be harmful to human health, animals, and the environment in general. The analysis of air shows the influence of the extractive and processing industry on the chemical composition of air. Parameters analyzed though under control such as the case of carbon dioxide, due to the increasing production capacity of cement, the production of hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of CO₂ gas made CO₂ production a concern. With the purchase of the latest technology by the SHARCEM Factory in Hani Elezit, the amount of air pollution has been reduced and the allowed parameters of environmental pollution have been kept under control. Air pollutants are introduced into the atmosphere from various sources which change the composition of the atmosphere and affect the biotic environment.The concentration of air pollutants depends not only on the quantities that are emitted from the sources of air pollution but also on the ability of the atmosphere to absorb or disperse these emissions. Sources of air pollutants include vehicles, industry, indoor sources, and natural resources. There are some natural pollutants, such as natural fog, particles from volcanic eruptions, pollen grains, bacteria, and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2002

The chemical compositions of the root bark of Ulmus species and mucilage were investigated. The methanol extractives were fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and water and antibacterial activities of each fraction were investigated. Although differences of chemical compositions of the Ulmus species were not noticeable, nitrogen and lignin contents of xylem were higher than those of phloem. However, ash and extractive contents showed adverse results. The mucilage of root bark was slowly gushing out by water and similar to pectin substance with high acidic sugar content. In fractionation experiment, the yield of methanol extraction was about 7% and the portion of water-soluble materials in methanol extractives was 78%. These water- soluble materials had the most high antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 1985

This study was attempted to check the change of free amino acids in the extractives from ark shell, Anadara broughtonii, during sun-drying. The content of moisture, crude protein and crude lipids of ark shell flesh were 84.7%, 9.6% and 0.8%, respectively. The amounts of extractive-nitrogen from ark shell flesh during sun-drying were 21.18 mg/g in the raw sample, and decreased to 16.25 mg/g after one day sun-drying, and then gradually increased to 31.9 mg/g at the 20th day. The amounts of free amino acid-nitrogen from ark shell flesh during sun-drying were 16.10 mg/g in the raw sample, and decreased to 11.5 mg/g after one day sun-drying and then gradually increased to 17.61 mg/g at the 20th day. In free amino acid composition of raw sample, the most abundent amino acids were glutamic acid (14.1%), histidine (13.8%), arginine(13.7%) and proline (12.1%) in order and taurine was also detected in trace amounts. The amounts of total free amino acids in the extractive from ark shell flesh during sun-drying were 2041.2mg% in the raw sample, and decreased to 1784.0 mg% after one day sun-drying, and then gradually increased to 5277.0 mg% at the 20th day. During sun-drying of ark shell flesh, leucine, isoleucine, valine showed up a increasing tendency, while the amounts of aspartic acid, proline and taurine were decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1417-1424
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• 2007

The food components of fish (skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, bluefin tuna, conger eel, salmon, Spanish mackerel, armored weasel-fish) frames and their hot-water extracts were investigated to explore their possibilities as resources for fish Gomatang. According to the results of volatile basic nitrogen and heavy metal, bluefin tuna and salmon frames were below the safety limits suggested by Codex Code. Thus, bluefin tuna and salmon frames appeared to be safe as basic ingredients for fish Gomtang. The major components of all hot-water extracts from fish frames were nitrogenous component. According to the results of extractive nitrogen and sensory evaluations of hot-water extracts from fish frames, the salmon frame was a good raw material as a basic ingredient of fish Gomtang. The calcium and phosphorus contents of hot-water extracts from salmon frame were 18.0 mg/100mL and 33.1 mg/100mL, respectively.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1992

The muscle extracts of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi cultured for two and three years old on the southern coast near Chungmu and the eastern coast near Pohang of Korea, were analyzed for extractive nitrogen (EN), free amino acids (FAA), combined amino acids (CAA), nucleotides and related compounds (NRC), quaternary ammonium bases and guanidino compounds using specimens collected in February 1989 and in April 1989, and compared for those contents with each other. As for the amount of EN, no remarkable difference was found between two- and three-year-old samples collected at St. 1 in the spring and winter seasons, while at St. 2 in the spring season the two-year-old sample was distinctly lower than the three-year-old one. Taurine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine were the major FAA in every sample. The amount of taurine, the most prominent FAA, was higher in three-year-old sample than in two-year-old one regardless of sampling station and season. Most of the other major FAA showed a similar tendency to EN at both sampling stations in both seasons. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), inosine (Ino) and hypoxanthine (Hyp) were detected in all the samples and ATP, ADP and AMP were the major ingredients. The amounts of total NRC were in parallel with those of EN and total FAA. As for the contents of betaines, two- and three-year-old samples collected in the winter season exhibited a great discrepancy each other, the former being clearly lower than the latter, but no remarkable difference was observed between two samples of two groups in the spring season. In proximate composition of the muscles, the two-year-old sample was considerably higher in moisture content and lower in protein and glycogen contents than the three-year-old one at St. 2 in the spring season. The large discrepancies observed between two- and three-year-old samples from St. 2 seems to be attributable to the difference in size of samples rather than to the difference in age.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.326-335
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• 1988

In order to increase the availability of filefish scrap, the ordinary and low salt sauce were prepared, and identified their taste compounds in their products. To process the filefish scrap sauce, chopped filefish scrap was mixed with koji, 25% brine, slat and glucose (25.0 : 65.0 : 12.5 : 7.0, w/w) and fermented at $25{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ for 120 days. The same process was also carried out to process the low salt sauce adding sorbitol, lactic acid and ethyl alcohol (7.0 : 0.7 : 9.0. w/w) instead of salt. While amino nitrogen and volatile basic nitrogen(VBN) of products were decreased, pH and reducing sugar were increased all alone the fermentation period. The major free amino acids of products at final stage of fermentation were glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, lysine and aspartic acid. And the contents of total amino acid in the ordinary and low salt sauce were 4126.6(mg/100m1 sauce), 4519.5(mg/100m1 sauce) after fermentation. Hypoxanthine was revealed as the major constituent among nucleotides and their related compounds through fermentation. Free amino acid-N in the filefish scrap sauces were from 56.3%(ordinary) to 60.7%(low salted) of extractive nitrogen. From the sensory evaluation, the quality of products from filefish scrap sauce were almost equal to sold soy sauce on the market.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of domestic and imported slices of skates Raja kenojei. Four types of slices of skates Raja kenojei were analyzed for proximate composition, extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, and fatty acids. A large amount of TMAO was detected in the domestic slices of skate. Both the domestic and imported skate contained aerobic bacteria, with approximate levels of 6.6 log CFU/g and 5.1${\sim}$6.5 log CFU/g, respectively. The total free amino acids contents of the domestic and imported skates were 579.7 mg and 387.6${\sim}$496.3 mg, respectively; all samples had high levels of taurine, anserine, lysine, alanine, glycine, proline, ${\beta}$-alanine, and histidine. Eleven different saturated fatty acids were found in the domestic skates whereas the impored skate had 7${\beta}$10 different types of saturated fatty acid. In addition, 16 kinds of domestic skate, and 10${\beta}$15 kinds of imported skate were analyzed for unsaturated fatty acid content. From the overall results, the domestic skate proved to be a better source of amino acid, and had higher levels of aerobic bacteria and fatty acids than the imported skate.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2010

The biochemical composition of wild and cultured yellow croaker, Larimichthys polyactis, was analyzed in this study. The moisture contents in wild and cultured yellow croaker was high: $75.2{\pm}1.60%$ and $79.5{\pm}1.95%$, respectively. The crude lipid contents of wild and cultured yellow croaker were low; moreover, the crude protein and ash contents did nol differ significantly (P>0.05). The total amino acid content of wild and cultured yellow croaker did not differ significantly; however, the cystine content of wild yellow croaker was higher than than of cultured yellow croaker. The essential /nonessential amino acid (E/NE) ratio in wild and cultured yellow croaker was $0.76{\pm}0.01$ and $0.77{\pm}0.02$, respectively. The free amino acid and extractive nitrogen contents of cultured yellow croaker were high and differed significantly. The water soluble vitamin ($B_1$, $B_2$, $B_6$, $B_{12}$, C and folate) and fat-soluble vitamin (A and E) contents did not differ significantly. expect for niacin. The niacin content of cultured yellow croaker was higher than that of wild yellow croaker. The fatty acid composition of wild and cultured yellow croaker did not differ significantly The sodium, magnesium, and copper contents in wild yellow croaker were relatively low. In comparison, the calcium, phosphorus and iron contents in cultured yellow croaker were relatively high. Overall, the biochemical composition of wild and cultured yellow croaker did not differ significantly.