• BMB Reports
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.488-496
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• 2016

Estrogens are the key hormones regulating the development and function of reproductive organs in all vertebrates. Recent evidence indicates that estrogens play important roles in the immune system, cancer development, and other critical biological processes related to human well-being. Obviously, the gonads (ovary and testis) are the primary sites of estrogen synthesis, but estrogens synthesized in extra- gonadal sites play an equally important role in controlling biological activities. Understanding non-gonadal sites of estrogen synthesis and function is crucial and will lead to therapeutic interventions targeting estrogen signaling in disease prevention and treatment. Developing a rationale targeting strategy remains challenging because knowledge of extra-gonadal biosynthesis of estrogens, and the mechanism by which estrogen activity is exerted, is very limited. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries of extra-gonadal sites of estrogen biosynthesis and their local functions and discuss the significance of the most recent novel discovery of intestinal estrogen biosynthesis.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.425-429
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• 1987

B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 균주가 생성하는 $\delta$-endotoxin의 alkali 용해에서 생성되는 hemolysin fragment 와 extra-cellular hemolysin 의 상관관계를 조사하기 위한 기초자료로서 extra-cellular hemolysin을 분리 정제하여 그 성질을 조사하였다. 균체 배양액에 유안을 염석 및 투석시킨 후, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration 과 DEAE-cellulose column chromatography를 행하여 균체외 homely-sin을 정제하였다. 정제된 extra-cellular hemolysin 은 SDS-polyacrylamide gel 전기영동에서 47,000 dalton의 분자량을 가진 단일 단백질 band를 얻었다. 또한 정제된 hemolysin은 thiol agents에 의해 그 활성이 증가되었으나, cholesterol 및 protease 처리 또는 금속이온 즉, FeSO$_4$나 CuSO$_4$에 의해 그 활성 이 감소되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.920-925
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• 1993

Extra-anatomic bypass was proposed by Freeman in 1952 and has been used for patient with lower extremity arterial occlusion who had very high operative risk, especially elderly or severly illed patient.We had performed 14 cases of extra-anatomic bypasses from Jan. 1991 till July 1993 and having been following up them. Their results were summarized as follow. Among total 14 patients, 13 was male. Their mean age was 64.8 years old, ranged from 48 to 80. The most common complaint was pain on lower limb and they visited hospital 6.1 months in average after onset of symptom. Frequently, they were associated with systemic diseases such as generalized atherosclersis, hypertension, diabetes mellius, etc. Axillary artery was used as donor artery in 8 cases and crossover femoro-femoral or femoro-popliteal bypass was performed in 6 cases. Postoperative complications were notedd in 8 cases so their morbidity rate was 42.8%. Except for two contraindicated cases, one or more anticoagulants were used routinely . Among them, combined use of aspirin and persantine was most commonly applied.After bypass graft, nine cases were occluded beteween 10 and 53 months. So their average duration of freedom from reocclusion was 35.7 months and 3-year patency rate was 63%.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2021

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a common complication of CKD, often accompanied by extra-skeletal calcification in adult patients. As increased vascular calcification is predicted to increase cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, the revised Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines recommend avoiding calcium-containing phosphate chelators. However, extra-skeletal calcification is less commonly noticed in pediatric patients. Here, we report our experience of such a complication in pediatric patients receiving maintenance peritoneal dialysis. Extra-skeletal calcification was noticed at the corneas, pelvic cavity, and soft tissues of the lower leg in 4 out of 32 patients on maintenance peritoneal dialysis. These patients experienced the aggravation of extra-skeletal calcifications during peritoneal dialysis, and 2 of them underwent excisional operations. It is required to monitor extra-skeletal calcifications in children on kidney replacement therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2004

This paper shows that there are some extra-factors on the evaluation of lecture by students. The extra-factors are sex, day and nighttime, academic year, size of lecture, and grades. And this paper analysis the proportion of the student which put the same mark on all items(same marked proportion).

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 제36회 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.1518-1520
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 실제 부하가 연결된 스위칭 전력 변환기 동특성의 부하 영향(leading effect)을 수식적으로 나타내고 해석하였다. 부하 시스템을 extra element로 고려하고 Middlebrook의 extra element theorem의 결과를 적용하였다. 그리고 스위칭 전력 변환기의 소신호 동특성에 대한 부하 영향을 해서하기 위해서 보드 선도 해석 방법을 이용하였다.

• 천문학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.81-84
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• 2005

We are undertaking an extra-solar planet search around G-type giant stars by means of Doppler technique using an iodine absorption cell installed to the high dispersion echelle spectrograph for the 188 cm reflector at Okayama Astrophysical Observatory (Okayama Planet Search Program, OPSP). Having detected the first planet candidate (Sato et al. 2003)the search has been proved very promising. Taking advantage of this success, we are trying to develop OPSP to an international collaborative work. We here report the current status of our efforts for establishing such collaborations, namely, those with Chinese and Korean astronomers. We also propose to establish an East-Asian network to search for extra-solar planets around G-type giant stars with the transit detecting technique as well as the Doppler technique, asking other persons/groups to join us to enjoy the planet search.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.243-246
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• 2000

Clostridium.aetobutylicum Bl8에 의한 부탄올 발효에서 농도, extra nutrient, pH대한 부탄올 생성량을 알아보았다. 실험결과 extra nutrient를 주입했을 때 부탄올의 농도가 주입하지 않았던 배양에서보다 약 17%정도 증가하는 결과를 보였고, pH를 control 했을 때에는 glucose 60g/L 회분 실험을 기준으로 부탄올 생산량이 약 41%정도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

Manufacturing accuracy of a precision instrument was essential to stability and efficiency of the product. Accordingly, geometrically accuracy management of precision instrument was very becoming the technique in order to design and manufacturing for machine. In this study, Measuring System is developed for extra long roller using non-contact sensor. Futhermore, It's studied by Geometric Tolerance. Exact roundness is obtained to Least Squares method from the reference circle of measured data. Measuring System is analyzed point of measurement and straightness of extra long roller is evaluated by FEM.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.651-657
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• 1995

An abnormal Korean native cow of five years old with an extra leg was observed macroscopically and radiographically. The results were summarized as follows. 1. External features included two normal forelimbs and hindlimbs, and an extra abnormal forelimb which was underdeveloped. The extra forelimb attached to the regions of back on right scapula. 2. The extra forelimb had antebrachial meromelia. It consisted of undeveloped and severely deformed scapula and humerus, fused carpal bones, imperfectly duplicated metacarpal bones, and polydactyly. The polydactyly was consisted of seven rows of digits with seven hooves, and a rudimentary hoof of dewclaw. 3. The ectopic limp was devoid of muscular tissue.