• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제23권6_2호
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• pp.917-926
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• 2020

Friction mechanisms is a very important role in the industrial machinery. However, many experiments have been conducted to reduce the loss of energy resources and parts used due to friction because the friction force adversely affects parts, efficiency, noise, and the like of the power unit. Therefore, in this study, the friction coefficient according to the characteristics of the lubricant was measured to find out which Grease Lubricant maintains the low friction coefficient without being most affected by external conditions. A total of five grease lubricants were tested in this study: GHP CAL 301, GHP EP 2, GHP KG 10, GHP HPG 2, and GHP HTG 2. And the friction coefficient was conducted by changing the load conditions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10N) and rotational speed (24, 48, 67, 86, 105, 124, 143, 162vrpm) using a pin-on-disk wear test system. Also, duty number were calculated. As a result, it was confirmed that in all grease lubricants, the speed did not significantly affect the friction coefficient, and it was confirmed that in all lubricants, the size of the friction coefficient decreased as the load increased from a small load to a large load. In addition, it was determined from the experimental results that GHP EP 2 is the most suitable as a grease lubricant and GHP CAL 301 is not the most suitable.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.394-405
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• 2020

To assess the station-keeping performance of floating structures in the Arctic region, the ice load should be considered along with other environmental loads induced by waves, wind, and currents. However, present methods for performance evaluation in the time domain are not effective in terms of time and cost. An ice load generation module is proposed based on the experimental data measured at the KRISO ice model basin. The developed module was applied to a time domain simulation. Using the results of a captive model test conducted in multiple directions, the statistical characteristics of ice loads were analyzed and processed so that an ice load corresponding to an arbitrary angle of the structure could be generated. The developed module is connected to commercial dynamic analysis software (OrcaFlex) as an external force input. Station-keeping simulation in the time domain was conducted for the same floating structure used in the model test. The mooring system was modeled and included to reflect the designed operation scenario. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed ice generation module and its application to station-keeping performance evaluation. Considering the generated ice load, the designed structure can maintain a heading angle relative to ice up to 4°. Station-keeping performance is enhanced as the heading angle conforms to the drift direction. It is expected that the developed module will be used as a platform to verify station-keeping algorithms for Arctic floating structures with a dynamic positioning system.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.693-701
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• 2020

The conventional Kalman Filter (KF) provides a promising way for structural state estimation. However, the physical parameters of structural systems or models should be available for the estimation. Moreover, it is not applicable when the loadings applied to the structures are unknown. To circumvent the aforementioned limitations, a two-stage KF with unknown input approach is proposed for the simultaneous identification of structural parameters and unknown loadings. In stage 1, a modified observation equation is employed. The structural state vector is estimated by KF on the basis of structural parameters identified at the previous time-step. Then, the unknown input is identified by Least Squares Estimation (LSE). In stage 2, based on the concept of sensitivity matrix, the structural parameters are updated at the current time-step by using the estimated structural states obtained from stage 1. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is numerically validated via a five-story shearing model under random and earthquake excitations. Shaking table tests on a five-story structure are also employed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach. It is demonstrated from numerical and experimental results that the proposed approach can be used for the identification of parameters of structure and the external force applied to it with acceptable accuracy.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2021

다수 무인기를 이용한 시스템은 정찰, 네트워킹, 항공 촬영 등 다양한 목적으로 활용되고 있다. 이러한 시스템에서 다수 무인기로 구성된 대형을 형성하고 유지하는 것은 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 다수 무인기의 대형을 형성하기 위한 자율화된 분산형 제어를 수행하는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제어명령은 근접 무인기 또는 임무 영역으로부터 서로 밀어내는 방향으로 작용하는 2차 시스템 형태의 힘을 고려하였다. 제어명령은 외부의 개입 없이 계측과 통신으로부터 획득되는 상대위치/속도를 통해 계산된다. 이는 개별 무인기들이 기준거리를 추종하도록 하며 임무영역 안에 겹치지 않고 최대한 조밀하게 배치되도록 한다. 기준거리 결정에는 채우기 문제를 풀기 위한 최적화 기법과 유사한 방식을 적용하였다. 임무영역은 형성하고자 하는 대형의 외곽선으로 정의되며 임무에 따라 유동적으로 설정될 수 있다. 제안한 알고리즘의 성능을 확인하기 위하여 수치 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 복잡성과 확장성을 고려한 영역에서 약 26.94초에 대형이 형성되며 약 71.91%의 채우기 밀도를 가지는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.112-119
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• 2021

지진하중으로 인한 배관계통의 파괴모드는 라체트를 동반하는 저주기 피로파괴이며 비선형 거동이 집중되고 파손이 발생하는 요소는 엘보인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 저주기 피로에 의한 SCH 40 3인치 탄소강관엘보의 파괴기준을 정량적으로 표현하기 위하여 한계상태를 누수로 정의하고 면내반복가력실험을 수행하였다. 배관계통에서 지진하중에 취약한 요소인 탄소강관엘보에 대하여 모멘트-변형각의 관계를 이용한 손상지수를 나타내었으며 힘-변위의 관계를 이용하여 산정된 손상지수와 비교-분석하였다. 탄소강관엘보에 대하여 반복되는 외력에 의한 소산에너지에 기반을 둔 손상지수로서 누수가 발생한 한계상태를 정량적으로 표현하였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.266-272
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• 2021

Mooring systems are among the most important elements employed to control the motion of floating offshore structures on the sea. Considering the use of polymer material, a new method is proposed to address the creep characteristics rather than the method of using a tension load cell for measuring the tension of the mooring line. This study uses a synthetic mooring rope made from a polymer material, which usually consists of three parts: center, eye, and splice, and which makes a joint for two successive ropes. We integrate the optical sensor into the synthetic mooring ropes to measure the rope tension. The different structure of the mooring line in the longitudinal direction can be used to measure the loads with the entire mooring configuration in series, which can be defined as SMART (Smart Mooring and Riser Truncation) mooring. To determine the characteristics of the basic SMART mooring, a SMART mooring with a diameter of 3 mm made of three different polymer materials is observed to change the wavelength that responds as the length changes. By performing the longitudinal tension experiment using three different SMART moorings, it was confirmed that there were linear wavelength changes in the response characteristics of the 3-mm-diameter SMART moorings. A 54-mm-diameter SMART mooring is produced to measure the response of longitudinal tension on the center, eye, and splice of the mooring, and a longitudinal tension of 100 t in step-by-step applied for the Maintained Test and Fatigue Cycle Test is conducted. By performing a longitudinal tension experiment, wavelength changes were detected in the center, eye, and splice position of the SMART moorings. The results obtained from each part of the installed sensors indicated a different strain measurement depending on the position of the SMART moorings. The variation of the strain measurement with the position was more than twice the result of the difference measurement, while the applied external load increased step-by-step. It appears that there is a correlation with an externally generated longitudinal tensional force depending on the cross-sectional area of each part of the SMART mooring.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.215-218
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• 2022

The rectum is the least frequently injured organ in trauma, with an incidence of about 1% to 3% in trauma cases involving civilians. Most rectal injuries are caused by gunshot wounds, blunt force trauma, and stab wounds. A 46-year-old male patient was crushed between two vehicles while he was working. He was hemodynamically unstable, and the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma showed hemoperitoneum and hemoretroperitoneum; therefore, damage control surgery with pelvic packing was performed. A subsequent whole-body computed tomography scan showed a displaced pelvic bone and sacrum fracture. There was evidence of an anorectal full-thickness laceration and urethral laceration. In second-look surgery performed 48 hours later, the pelvis was stabilized with external fixators, and it was decided to proceed with loop sigmoid colostomy. A tractioned rectal probe with an internal balloon was positioned in order to approach the flaps of the rectal wall laceration. On postoperative day 13, a radiological examination with endoluminal contrast injected from the stoma after removal of the balloon was performed and showed no evidence of extraluminal leak. Rectosigmoidoscopy, rectal manometry, anal sphincter electromyography, and trans-stomic transit examinations showed normal findings, indicating that it was appropriate to proceed with the closure of the colostomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. The optimal management for extraperitoneal penetrating rectal injuries continues to evolve. Primary repair with fecal diversion is the mainstay of treatment, and a conservative approach to rectal lacerations with an internal balloon in a rectal probe could provide a possibility for healing with a lower risk of complications.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.483-497
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• 2022

Three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow around a hipped-roof building representative of UK inland conditions are conducted. Unsteady simulations are performed using three variations of the k-ϵ RANS turbulence model namely, the Standard, Realizable, and RNG models, and their predictive capability is measured against current European building standards. External pressure coefficients and wind loading are found through the BS 6399-2:1997 standard (obsolete) and the current European standards (BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 and A1:20101). The current European standard provides a more conservative wind loading estimate compared to its predecessor and the k-ϵ RNG model falls within 15% of the value predicted by the current standard. Surface shear stream-traces and Q-criterion were used to analyze the flow physics for each model. The RNG model predicts immediate flow separation leading to the creation of vortical structures on the hipped-roof along with a larger separation region. It is observed that the Realizable model predicts the side vortex to be a result of both the horseshoe vortex and the flow deflected off it. These model-specific aerodynamic features present the most disparity between building standards at leeward roof locations. Finally, pedestrian comfort and safety criteria are studied where the k-ϵ Standard model predicts the most ideal pedestrian conditions and the Realizable model yields the most conservative levels.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2022

When the rolling stocks run on the curve, the external rail has to be lifted to a certain level to balance the centrifugal force acting on the train body. Under such a situation, passengers may feel uncomfortable, and the slanted vehicle has the potential overturning risks at high speed. This paper conducted a wind tunnel test in an annular wind tunnel with φ=3.2 m based on a 1/20^th scaled high-speed train (HST) model. The sensitivity of Reynolds effects ranging from Re = 0.37×10⁶ to Re = 1.45×106 was tested based on the incoming wind from U=30 m/s to U=113 m/s. The wind speed covers the range from incompressible to compressible. The impact of roll angle ranging from γ=0° to γ=4° on train aerodynamics was tested. In addition, the boundary layer development was also analyzed under different wind speeds. The results indicate that drag and lift aerodynamic coefficients gradually stabilized and converged over U=70 m/s, which could be regeared as the self-similarity region. Similarly, the thickness of the boundary layer on the floor gradually decreased with the wind speed increase, and little changed over U=80 m/s. The rolling moment of the head and tail cars increased with the roll angle from γ=0° to γ=4°. However, the potential overturning risks of the head car are higher than the tail car with the increase of the roll angle. This study is significant in providing a reference for the overturning assessment of HST.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

TMD는 다른 진동제어장치에 비해 구조가 단순하며, 구조물에 발생하는 정형화된 형태의 진동에 우수한 제어성능을 보인다. 그러나 다른 제어장치에 비하여 진동제어범위가 좁아 예상치 못한 외부하중으로 인하여 발생하는 진동주기에는 취약하다. 본 연구에서 개발된 ETMD는 Mass를 전자석으로 구성하여 전류를 공급할 때 자기장이 형성됨과 동시에 마찰판과의 마찰력을 상승시켜 Mass의 거동을 순간적으로 제어한다. 개발된 ETMD의 제어성능 평가를 위하여 모형 단순보 교량 중앙에 ETMD를 설치한 후 중앙부 최대 수직변위가 발생하는 3.02Hz 조건으로 강제 진동을 발생시켜 휨거동 제어실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 ETMD는 중앙부 최대 수직변위가 발생하는 3.02Hz에서 변위 감쇠율이 57.51%로 우수한 제어성능을 발휘하며 그 외에 진동주기에도 안정적인 제어성능을 보이는 것을 확인하였다.