• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.257-270
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• 2024

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in the business environment, business conditions, and detailed indicators related to management of Korea's port industry companies as global supply chains have been reorganized since the shock of COVID-19 in 2020 and uncertainties in the global economy have expanded. Design/methodology/approach - This study use the business survey index of the port industry to analyze. It is a weighted BSI with the weight of workers applied. Findings - Since 2020 the BSI in the port industry including business conditions, sales unit price, profitability, and financial conditions fluctuated, but it has been generally above normal level(100). During the analysis period, the BSI for export sales was found to be better than that of domestic sales. Employment BSI was generally stable, and in the case of facility BSI, the port industry was shown to be very active in facility investment. Research implications or Originality - First, it is necessary to make manpower training systems to cultivate experts in the port industry to cope with uncertainties caused by the rapidly changing global economy and the global supply chain environment. Second, it is necessary to support for investment in technology and facilities for automation and smartization. Finally, it is necessary to establish a continuous monitoring system for the business conditions.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.3-30
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• 1991

This paper examines Korea's exports of manufactures to the United States, Japan, and other OECD member countries in the 1974-89 period, focusing on the market share in the trade partners' imports. It decomposes the growth of exports into various effects, following the "constant-market-shares" analysis. For this purpose, the entire period is divided into three subperiods: 1974-78, 1978-83, and 1983-89. The paper also estimates a regression model of the market share determination, using the data of Korea's market share in U.S. imports. In the three subperiods under study, Korea's exports grew at different paces for varied reasons. The average annual growth rate was 28 %, 11 %, and 21 %, respectively. A large drop in the "competitiveness effect", that is, in the market-share growth rate, was mainly responsible for the decline in the export growth rate. The largest drop in the competitiveness effect was found in the light manufactures exports in the second period. The market share did not regain the rapid growth momentum. The main reason for the rise in export growth rate in the last subperiod was the "market-size effect"-a rise in the growth rate of the trade partners' imports. According to the regression results, high intensities in physical and human capital tended to lower the Korean manufacturing industries' market shares in the United States. This negative correlation was stronger in the case of human capital intensity, suggesting that Korea is relatively poorer in human capital endowment than in physical capital endowment when compared to the United States. This negative correlation between the market share and each of the two intensities became weaker overtime. This may be interpreted as the consequence of both physical and human capital accumulation which were faster than the labor force growth. Depreciation of the Japanese yen was estimated to have a negative influence on the Korean manufacturing industries' market share in the United States, and this negative influence became stronger each year in the 1980s. This seems to reflect the intensifying competition between the two countries' exports in U.S. import markets. The Heavy and Chemical Industry Policy of the 1970s, which promoted a number of selected industries by providing them with various incentives and inevitably discriminated against the rest of the industries, was estimated to have had strong negative effects on the export performance of the light manufacturing industries. This finding and the largest decline in the "competitiveness effect" -found in the light manufactures exports in the 1978-83 period-indicate that the Heavy and Chemical Industry Policy was mainly accountable for the drop in the export growth rate during the period. On the other hand, the rise in export growth rate during the subsequent subperiod was greatly impacted by the large scale exchange rate realignments of major currencies, especially by the appreciation of the Japanese yen, and other changes in international economic conditions.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of temperature of treatment and storage on the longevity of 'Unicorn' tomatoes of light red maturity stage during commercial handling conditions encountered while exporting over long distances. Tomato stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ temperature with 85% relative humidity by pre-treating handling temperature that was using from field to before shipment as a winter temperature $5^{\circ}C$, spring temperature $11^{\circ}C$ and summer temperature $25^{\circ}C$ for 3 days. On the final storage day, $25^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ (treated/stored) tomatoes showed the highest respiration and ethylene production rate; whereas the lowest respiration and ethylene production rate was found for $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ treated and stored tomatoes. Tomatoes treated and stored at $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ showed higher marketability, without evidence of fungal rot, decay or spots for 23 days. The fresh weight loss under all treatment conditions increased gradually during $5^{\circ}C$ and $11^{\circ}C$ storage temperatures. The higher firmness and soluble solids were determined from $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ treated and stored tomatoes repectively, than from others tomatoes on the final day of storage. In addition, $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ tomatoes showed higher vitamin C contents than tomatoes stored at other temperatures, on the final day of storage. As the ripening and storage period progressed, the titratable acidity increased, but declined (P < 0.05) thereafter, due to over ripe tomatoes under all treatment conditions. These results show that $5^{\circ}C/5^{\circ}C$ treated and stored light red maturity stages of 'Unicorn' tomatoes are optimum to export because they show the highest storability and marketability. Moreover, the marketability of light red maturity stage of 'Unicorn' tomato maintained for 2 weeks in $25^{\circ}C/11^{\circ}C$ treated and stored temperature that might be the export temperature from Korea to Japan in summer season. This research result could be useful in helping tomato growers and exporters to get optimum market value by satisfying the buyer and consumer with a fresher product.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.53-68
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to develop a new Korean container freight index by applying weights based on the global trade volume. To achieve this, it was decided to determine the conditions such as establishment of routes and regions, weighting of trade volumes which based on prior research and expert advice. Based on this, the individual index and regional index and composite index were calculated, and then reliability and statistical significance of the index was verified through correlation analysis and Granger causality analyses. This study suggest the following findings, through the development of the Korean container freight index. Firstly, Korean freight index reflects the overall market situation and can be used as a benchmark for determining the conditions of each market, consisting of criteria of region and routes. Secondly, it is possible to reflect the market conditions in which actual freight differences exist, since it has developed separate indexes for export and import routes. Finally, The composite index is the only index that reflects not only exports and imports but also 27 individual routes based on Busan, which is the most comprehensive indicator of the korean container freight market.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.734-745
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• 2017

The effects of combination treatment with sulfur dioxide generating pad ($SO_2$ pad) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on grape quality were examined under simulated exporting condition and actual export to Los Angeles, USA. The 'Campbell Early' grape harvested in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi was precooled at $0^{\circ}C$, selected and packaged at $10^{\circ}C$, and stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The treatment was as follows: general export packaging (control), only $SO_2$ pad, combination of $SO_2$ pad and MAP (perforated polyethylene film, $SO_2$ pad+MA). In case of control and only $SO_2$ pad under simulated exporting condition, the grape quality changes with storage time were decrease in hardness and brush length, increase in stem browning, and increased in shattering rate. The treatment of $SO_2$ pad+MA was the most effective in preserving the grape quality since $SO_2$ concentration inside the package remained around 2.9 ppm by MA film. Grape exports from harvest to local distribution of the USA took 30 days, and only $SO_2$ pad+MA package showed no fungus, maintained brush length and rachis color, and was lowest at 4.0% of shattering rate since the concentration of $SO_2$ in the package was about 4.0 ppm. As a result, it was considered that the combination of $SO_2$ pad and MA was the most effective way to maintain freshness of grape during long-term marine transportation and extend the shelf-life in exporting countries.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.79-86
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• 2017

We performed simulations of shipping conditions to export 'Cheongdobansi' astringent persimmon to tropical regions. We stored the fruits at $0^{\circ}C$, $5^{\circ}C$, or $10^{\circ}C$ temperature for 15 days to simulate the transport conditions, and then maintained the fruits at $30^{\circ}C$ for 5 days to simulate the distribution condition. Variables that we focused on are 1) the transport temperature($0^{\circ}C$, $5^{\circ}C$, or $10^{\circ}C$) and 2) the treatment time of ethylene generator(before or after shipping). We examined the ripening ratio and quality of the fruits at the end of the shipping and at that of the distribution. The examination at the end of the shipping showed that all of the fruits were ripened at $10^{\circ}C$ transportation but not ripened at $0^{\circ}C$ or $5^{\circ}C$ transportation in the ethylene treated condition. The untreated fruits were not ripened regardless of the transportation temperature. The examination at the end of the distribution showed that all of the fruits were ripened at $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ transportation, while 38.5% of fruits were ripened at $0^{\circ}C$ transportation in the ethylene treated fruits before shipping. The fruits treated after shipping were 63.5% and 59.6% ripened at $0^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$ transportation, respectively. Unexpectively, only 19.2 % of fruits treated after shipping ripened at $10^{\circ}C$ transportation.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.117-128
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• 2021

In order for the users (shipping firms and shippers) and suppliers (stevedoring firms) in the container terminal industry to win-win, it is necessary to have some appropriate diverse market conditions for the industry. This study analyses the basic conditions and demand and supply characteristics of the industry and investigates the market performance of Busan container ports. First, this article analyses the basic characteristics of demand and supply. As the demand characteristics, there are five ones such as 1) exogeneity of demand, 2) function as export/import transportation and hub for transshipment, 3) increase of users' bargaining power, 4) high substituting elasticity, 5) reduction of volume growth. As the supply characteristics, there are seven ones such as 1) inelasticity of supply, 2) homogeneity of stevedoring services, 3) over-supply, 4) adoption of cutting-edge stevedoring technology, 5) scale economy and impossibility of storage, 6) labor market rigidity, 7) enhancing port's role in SCM. In addition, this study conducts the so-called structure-conduct-performance analysis. For the structure analysis, 1) lacks of scale economy in stevedoring companies, 2) high entry barrier, 3) strengthening of shipping firms' bargaining power, 4) transitory permission scheme for tariff are analyzed. For the conduct analysis, 1) price discrimination between export/import and transshipment, 2) mid-term length of terminal use contract, 3) continuous investment in equipment, 4) low level of cooperation among terminal operating firms are derived. For the performance analysis, 1) inequality in profitability, 2) reduction of export/import cost, 3) delay in adopting cutting-edge technology, 4) idle equipment are analyzed. Following this logical flow, the hypothesis that the market structure influences the market conduct is tested based on the actual dataset. As a future agenda in the conclusion, this article recommends the so-called port industrial policy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.198-213
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• 2012

Navy ship acquisition management business contributed to the korean Navy and defense exports with government suppliers in Korea for over 40 years. But due to advanced technology, development trend of Navy ship and defense export requirements, it enable to make a contribution to a better system improvement are being demanded. In this paper, an adjective Navy ship acquisition process is presented in order to improve the acquisition process takes the first step for acquisition planning process to enhance the efficiency and rationality that is based on consensus of Navy ship expert and experienced. In addition, systems engineering (SE) and quality control (QC) techniques based on Modeling and Simulation are investigated to carry out efficient project management and scientific quality control system in Navy ship acquisition process. Finally, it is suggested to apply SE/QC based on M&S for Navy ship acquisition process using civilian infrastructure and organizations in order to take advantage of the world's leading domestic industry based on considering the difficult conditions of Navy ship suppliers.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2008

This paper focuses on finding the way of aerospace industry promotion in Korea compatible with fair trade system under international rules by considering and analysing the WTO subsidy rules and WTO dispute settlement cases. As for subsidy rules in WTO, the paper deals with two matters such as financial contribution and benefit and further studies provisions on the prohibited subsidies and actionable subsidies. And as for the dispute settlement matters, it reviews the Brazil-Canada case and the US-EC case on civil aircraft export subsidies. While aerospace industry in Korea is not yet internationally competitive still requiring government's continuous supports, it must not be in conflict with subsidy rules under WTO mechanism. This paper makes several suggestions to meet these conditions.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.562-568
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• 2001

In this paper, we described the export system to monitor and diagnose 765KV power apparatus. To develop this expert system, we studied the knowledge bases and data bases for 765KV transformer and GIS. In order to make the reliable inference of knowledge base and the good MMI(Man Machine Interface), the data bases were consisted of the tables of power apparatus information, limit level value, measured input data, inference result and diagnosis result. The knowledge base had various rules to infer the conditions of transformer and GIS. We applied both the forward chaining and backward chaining methods to these rules of system for good inferences. This paper describes the applied methods for expert system. Also, this developed system was tested with dissolved gas analyzing result and the result was shown.