• 한국사회복지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.387-411
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• 2005

The purpose of this article is to analyse the expenditure structure of the welfare mix; in order to grasp the holistic feature of the Korean social welfare. Most of all, the article attempts to elaborate the estimation methods of social welfare expenditure by including the components from which has been excluded so far - indirect tax expenditure of the government, nursery payments of households, life insurance pay-outs for survivors, inter-household private income transfers and the value of caring work of the family. In so doing, the article estimates that the total social welfare expenditure including state, enterprise, market, NPOs and family reached at 24.7% of GDP in 2000, which is approximately 2.5 times more than public social welfare expenditure. It implies that non-state, private sectors dominates the structure of social welfare provisions in Korea. In addition, based on the analyses of the expenditure structure, the article defines the main feature of Korea's welfare mix as the 'mixed structure of the welfare mix dominated by the protective family', or 'expanded public sector, relatively limited market, and protective family'. Such a family-dominated welfare mix structure in Korea indicates that the fundamental source of solidarity of the Korean social welfare system is family and, therefore, the welfare regime of Korea can be classified as 'Conservative'.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.131-143
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the consumption expenditure structure for leisure & recreational service in urban households. For these purpose, the data collected 175 households in Pusan metropolitan city. Statistics employed for the analys were frequencies, means, one -way ANDVA, and multiple regression analysis. The major results of this study were as follows; Average monthly expenditure for leisure, recreational service was 190,342 won. And their expenditure for leisure & recreational service share was 12.89 % of total expenditure. Those expenditure with high income elasticity were hobby & culture education, and journey. And those with low income elasticity were play & inspection, and health & sports. In leisure & recreational service expenditure, the variables which influence were job and degree of household head, and income.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.337-357
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• 2012

This study explores a changing social expenditure structure of welfare states on new social risks, using logistic regression analysis with Panel Corrected Standard Errors Model on panel data of 1997-2007 years from 27 OECD nations. The result of this study presents that social expenditure structures have been adjusted with new social risk structure due to trade openness, female employment rates, and child population rates. Greater trade openness, higher women's employment rates, and lower child population rates are, more social investment expenditures are than income security expenditures. Rates of employment in service industries and elderly population rates are not statistically significant on the change of social expenditure structure. This result does not imply a complete switch from demand-based to supply-based social policy, but somewhat reflects transitions of a social welfare system for changing economic and social environments in order to sustain welfare state economically.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to consider the socio-economic development and policy in each five-year economic development plan influences of urban households and to seek a plan of household stability and reasonable consumption expenditure on the aspect of Family economics. Data is based on the "Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure survey" of the National Bureau of Statistic Economic Planning Board, Republic of Korea and analyzed as follows: First, in analysis to the structure of consumption expenditure, the averaged percentage of each item to total consumption expenditure is estimated by each Economics Development Plan year. Second, in order to analyze the relative importance value of household consumption expenditure, priority correlation order is derived from comparison of characteristics of household consumption expenditures by multiple regression analysis. Third the patterns of consumption expenditure of salary and wage earner's households in all cities are estimated by the household consumption function, marginal propensity to consume, and income elasticity, according to socio-economic variable, and demographic variable. In the recent Korean economy, income level of household is increased and consumption expenditure level is largely increased because of the execution of economic development plan. But the improvement of income derives the increasment of the consumption needs and over-consumption trend is spread due to the import liberization. And above all, the reasonable household management and economic life are needed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.3 s.39
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• pp.303-311
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• 1992

It is very important to estimate the future medical care expenditure, because medical care expenditure escalation is a big problem not only in the health industry but also in the Korean economy today. This study was designed to project the medical care expenditure in view of population age change. The data of this study were the population projection data based on National Census Data(1990) of the National Statistical Office and the Statistical Reports of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation. The future medical care expenditure was eatimated by the regression model and the optional simulation model. The significant results are as follows : 1. The future medical care expenditure will be 3,963 billion Won in the year 2000, 4,483 billion Won in 2010, and 4,826 billion Won in 2020, based on the 1990 market price considering only the population age change. 2. The proportion of the total medical care expenditure in the elderly over 65 will be 10.4% in 2000, 13.5% in 2010, and 16.9% in 2020. 3. The future medical care expenditure will be 4,306 billion Won in the year 2000, 5,101 billion Won in 2010, and 5,699 billion Won in 2020 based on the 1990 market price considering the age structure change and the change of the case-cost estimated by the regression model. 4. When we consider the age-structure change and inflation compared with the preceding year, the future medical care expenditurein 2020 will be 21 trillion Won based on a 5% inflation rate, 42 trillion Won based on a 7.5% inflation rate, and 84 trillion Won based on a 10% inflation rate. Consideration of the aged(65 years old and over) will be essential to understand the acute increase of medical care expenditure due to changes in age structure of the population. Therefore, alternative policies and programs for the caring of the aged should be further studied.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.151-169
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• 2003

This study is to investigate the important factor for household private education expenditure. Especially, this study analyzed the influence of financial management characteristics. For this, the income level is classified by comparative poverty and analyzed the influence power The data for this study was "the Korean Labor Panel" conducted by Korea Labor Institute in 2000. The result showed the demographic factors by the income level and financial characteristics have big difference. Also, income level affects private education expenditure. For lower income level, demographic factors affect more than financial factors. This result explained the private education expenditure as luxurious goods. For middle income level, financial factors affect more than demographic factors. This explained the private education expenditure as choice goods. For upper income level, the private education expenditure was explained as investment goods.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to identify the change according to income bracket and the trade-off between expenditure items by analyzing expenditure patterns of the urban households as a reset of the IMF. The results of this study are as follows; The composition percentage and the amount of consumption expenditure of urban households after IMF decrease in all classes. But the change of composition percentage by the decrease of consumption expenditure is different in every class. The percentage of decrease of the upper class is higher than that of the lower class in an essential expenditure of household, which is food. And the percentage of decrease of the lower class is higher than that of the higher class in the discretionary expenditures such as clothes and education.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.205-224
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• 2020

Purpose - This study aimed to identify the effects of ownership structures on agency costs in internationally diversified firms listed on the KOSDAQ market. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 5,824 samples were finally selected and empirically analyzed for a total of nine years from 2011 to 2019, during which the International Accounting Standards had been mandatory for firms listed on the KOSDAQ market. Findings - The results of this study showed that the effects of ownership structures on the ratio of asset turnover are positive for the major share and foreign equity ratios of international diversified firms. Moreover, by selecting the ratio of entertainment expenses as a proxy for agency expenses, this study confirmed that the effects of the ownership structure of an international diversified entity on entertainment expenditure were determined to show a significantly negative relation to entertainment expenditure, thus indicating that the higher the ratio of major shareholders, the more appropriately control the expenditure of entertainment expenses through arbitrary private deviations of the management.Furthermore, considering the effect of the ownership structure on the expenditure of sales and administrative expenses as a proxy variable for agency costs, this study verified that the majority share ratio of international diversified firms was negative to the expenditure of sales and administrative expenses, confirming that the higher the share of major shareholders, the lower the selling and administrative costs, but insignificant.Finally, as a result of determining whether the ownership structure of an international diversified firm affects the holding of free cash, the majority share of this firm shows a significantly negative relation to the ratio of the holding of surplus cash, indicating that the higher the proportion of major shareholders, the more appropriately control the holding of the entity's free cash through arbitrary private deviance by the manager. Research implications or Originality - Major shareholders of an internationally diversified firm listed on the KOSDAQ market play a positive role in the firm's performance by properly controlling agency costs that may be incurred by the management.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.85-105
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• 2018

This study analyzes the economic impacts of Korean R&D expenditure on the industrial structure by technological levels using 2010~2014 Input-Output table data. The industrial structure is reclassified into 4 manufacturing industries by OECD's Technology Intensity Definition. Then, we analyzes the production-inducing and value added-inducing of those industries. As the results of the analysis, it is found that the production-inducing effect by the R&D expenditure has been higher in the middle-high and middle-low technology manufacturing and that the value added-inducing effect has been higher in the middle-high technology manufacturing. On the other hand, the production and value added-inducing effects has been lower in the high-tech manufacturing which is highest in the R&D expenditure. The above results indicate that industrial structure has not been linked with the quality ladder that expresses the enhancement of tech level through R&D expenditure. Based on these results, the policy recommendation implies that R&D expenditure should be concentrated to improve the production- and value-added effects of the high technology manufacturing in order to advance the industrial structure. However, this study has the limitation that the analyses on the dynamic-inducing effects are not carried out due to the lack of fixed capital formation data.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.1 s.79
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• pp.253-269
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• 2006

This study examined the economic structure of male one-person households, and investigated how it differed by male's age and marital status. Specifically household incomes, expenditure patterns, assets, debts, and other demographic variables were compared by age and marital status. From the 2000 National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure conducted by Korea National Statistical Office(KNSO), 1,389 male one-person households were selected. The findings of this study were as follows: First, the economic status of male one-person households was unstable. They were more likely to depend on labor incomes and transfer incomes, and had less property incomes and total assets. Their average propensity to consumption was higher than that of general households. Second, the economic structure of male one-person households showed large differ+useholders in age 50s allocated $48\%$ of household expenditure to the non- consumption categories, especially child or (ex)spouse support payments. The economic status of householders in age 60s and over was inferior to those of the other groups. Third, there were considerable differences in the economic status of male householders who had different marital status. Divorced and separated males had higher incomes and expenditures, but assigned large portion of their incomes to the non-consumption categories. Widowers' level of economic living, such as incomes, expenditures, and assets, was the worst among male one-person households.