• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.427-446
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• 2018

Korea will have a super-aged society within only 30 years according to the United Nations' definition of an aging society and the statistics on Korea's Population projections (2016), indicates that Korea has the fastest ageing speed in the world. There is a lack of data on long-term time-series data on death as related to pension and welfare policies compared to the rapid rate of aging. This paper estimates life expectancy over 245 years (from 1955 to 2200) through past and future forecasts as well as compares the expected life expectancy of the synthetic cohort and the real cohort. In addition, an international comparisons were made to understand the level of aging in Korea. Estimates of the back-projection period were compared with previous studies and the LC model to improve accuracy and objectivity. In addition, the predictions after 2016 reflected the declined mortality rate effect of Korea using the LC-ER model. The results showed an increase in life expectancy of about 30 years over 60 years (1955-2015) with an expected life expectancy of the real cohort over the second century (1955-2155) higher than the synthetic cohort. The comparative advantage of life expectancy of real cohorts was confirmed to be a common trend among comparative countries. In addition, Japan and Korea have a higher life expectancy and starting from 85 to 90 years old, all comparative countries show that the growth rate for the life expectancy of synthetic and real cohorts is less than previous years.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.23-37
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• 2011

This study examined the preference and the purchase intention of male and female from 20s through 405 to smart phones. This study verified the differences between the groups according to the socio-demographic factors, the usage pattern of mobile phone, and the perceived cost and the expected benefit. The analysis of the relative influence of those relevant factors was followed. The summaries of this study are as follows; First, the high level factors in purchasing smart phones were the perceived cost and the expected benefit pointed over 3.82. It means that they arc interested in smart phones highly, and if they can support to buy smart phones and situations can be permitted, they would like to buy them. Second, the differences between groups of the preference and the purchase intention were found according to the ages, the marital status and the education level. The results showed that those preference and the purchase intension were measured high at the group of the 20s-30s, the married, and the higher educational level of collage students. Third, expected benefit on smart phones was shown to be divided into two characterized factors through factor analysis. One was 'functional expected benefit' and the other was 'emotional expected benefit'. The functional and the emotional benefit on the using of smart phones were presented high level in group of over graduated students. Forth, the results of the stepwise multiple analysis, which was carried out to find out the influencing factors on the preference and the purchasing intension to smart phones, showed that the most effective factor was the functional expected benefit. The self-expressive propensity, and the education level were followed sequentially. The purchase intention was influenced by both of the functional and the emotional expected benefit. The result of this study shows that the level of the consumer's perceived cost(economic, psychological) and the expected benefit were measured high at the same time. That means that it is necessary to make the consumer information and communicating smoothly in order to lower the cost and enhance the benefit. In addition, This study has its meaning because it found out that functional expected benefit is a factor which has an influence on the Consumer Preference and Purchase Intention on Smart phone. If consumer's function requirements on smart phone are satisfied, it will be able to reduce the consumer problems and increase the consumer satisfaction. The result of this study would be applicable when Smart Phone is used as one of the auxiliary tools for smart consumption.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.103-112
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• 1996

Optimal pricing research in general has been focused on profit maximizing strategy under the given product life-time T. Here we have tried to study the effect of uncertain product life-time on dynamic optimal pricing strategy. In reality, the life-time of product is more likely to be uncertain and not known as well. In terms of approximating the model to the concerned reality, so-called model validity, it seems to be more desirable to consider the uncertainty of product life-time into the optimal pricing strategy model, For this purpose, we tried two different approaches. One is to consider diverse product life-time probability functions under fixed life-time T. In this case, we might have the same product life-time as the previous study, but the process could be different in the expectation of product's discontinuity. The other is that life-time itself is not determined and thus it is the situation in which we can only decide optimal price on incremental basis. The former is the situation in which although we got some strong guess on life-time of a certain product, the pattern of expected life-time probability could be different. The question is what could be optimal pricing strategies on such different product life-time situations. But since in the latter, we don't assume any idea on the life-time of product. proper optimal pricing could be derived only from the past prices and diffusion information. While the latter seems to be safer in the aspect of model assumption, the former could be more realistic because we might have more or less a prior knowledge on the product life-time itself.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.117-129
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• 2017

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance life of hot central plant recycling (HCPR) and hot in-place recycling (HIR) pavements applied to the National Highway for the past 20 years and compare it with conventional hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement. METHODS : In order to analyze the performance life of recycling asphalt pavements, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to investigate the government law and official system for the use of recycling asphalt pavement in Korea and foreign countries. Next, the application information of using a hot central plant recycling and hot in-place recycling pavements in the national highway is collected from the database of pavement management system (PMS) and then their field condition is visually surveyed. Finally, the performance life of recycling asphalt pavements in the national highway is analyzed and compared with conventional hot-mix asphalt pavement. RESULTS :Institutions are encouraging the promotion of using recycled asphalt pavement through various legal systems in Korea as well as abroad. Based on analysis results for the average performance life of hot central plant recycling pavement applied to the national highway, the average performance life is estimated to be 10.2 years. However, the average performance life of in-place recycling pavement is estimated to be 6.5 years. However, it is expected to increase performance life after the HIR construction system is modified. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the limited data analysis of the performance life of recycled asphalt pavements, HCPR shows similar performance life to conventional asphalt pavement but HIR shows shorter performance life than conventional asphalt pavement. However, it is noted that all performance life data is very limited and it should be monitored and analyzed further.

• 재활복지
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.53-77
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was elderly women with disabilities to increase life satisfaction from the recognition that were original goals. Factors affecting life satisfaction confirm, and in influencing aging affects looked ready. In the case of non-disabled people was life satisfaction showed a link between preparation for the later life. Expected life satisfaction of elderly women with disabilities were equally applicable whether verification was carried out. The results of this study were as follows: First, the difference in life satisfaction according to demographic factors, psychological factors, health factors, economic factors, social factors were all of the factors in the elderly group of women with disabilities in accordance with the life satisfaction were different. Second, the factors that influence the life satisfaction for the elderly women with disabilities were psychological factors, health factors, economic factors, social factors and demographic factors. Third, in relation to independent variable and dependent variable, preparation for the later life factor was found operating as moderation variable in relations between level of economic status, chronic diseases. Based on this results, the implications for future studies on women with disabilities were discussed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

An index that evaluates the health level of a population group considering both death and loss of function due to disease is called a summary measure of population health (SMPH). SMPHs are broadly divided into life year indices and life expectancy indices, the latter of which comprise healthy life expectancy (HLE). HLE is included as a policy target in various national and regional level healthcare plans, and the term "HLE" is commonly used in academia and by the public. However, the overall level of understanding of HLE-such as the precise definition of HLE and methods of calculating HLE-still seems to be low. As discussed in this study, the types of HLE are classified into disability-free life expectancy, disease-free life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, self-rated HLE, and disability-adjusted life expectancy. Their characteristics are examined to facilitate a correct understanding and appropriate utilization of HLE. In addition, the Sullivan method, as a representative method for calculating HLE, is presented in detail, and major issues in the process of calculating HLE, such as selection of the population group and age group, estimation of death probability, calculation of life years, and incorporation of health weights, are reviewed. This study will help researchers to select an appropriate HLE type and evaluate the validity of HLE research results, and it is expected to contribute to the vitalization of HLE research.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.310-315
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• 2008

Objectives : The evaluation of disability after trauma in psychiatry is relatively subjective compared with other departments. A consensus among evaluators could improve reliability of evaluations. We compared disability rate of common psychiatric disorders without definite brain injury depending on their diagnosis from experienced evaluators in Korea. Methods : A written questionnaire was mailed to each evaluator and the reply was analyzed. The questions included disability rate ranges of postconcussional syndrome, PTSD and depression. Other questions related with admission for evaluation, expected duration of treatment, life expectancy and need of supporting person were also asked. Results : Range of disability rate were from $8.6{\pm}4.5%$ to $26.6{\pm}12.8%$ in postconcussional syndrome, from $10.4{\pm}6.8%$ to $36.4{\pm}13.8%$ in PTSD and from $10.0{\pm}4.6%$ to $30.6{\pm}10.3%$ in depressive disorder. There were lots of diversity in expected duration of treatment with psychiatric disability. Decline of life expectancy and need of supporting person were considered at least 50% of disability. Conclusion : There is much diversity in evaluation of psychiatric disabilities with disability rate and expected duration of treatments even among experienced evaluators. A common consensus among experts may increase reliability of psychiatric evaluations after trauma.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.209-236
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• 2013

The concept of expectation rights considers 'the expectation' that the patient should be given proper medical treatment as the benefit and protection of the law, so it would be the benefit and protection of the law due to personal rights different from 'the legal principle that has the possibility to a considerable extent' being in an extension of life and body. However, the problem how the patient's expectation of medical service sets up in order to make it the benefit and protection of the law would be still left in the vague concept of the patient's 'expectation', thus, in the first place, the medical practice following formed medical standard in every particular medical institutes should be the standard because these medical services are normally within a range of the patients' expectations. In addition, it should be naturally constituted as mental profit to get the subjective circumstances such as 'the patient's expectation' to be an object, and also, different from the profit and protection of the law such as life and body that should be absolutely protected, the origin of violation behavior should be regarded simultaneously to define the denotation of expectation rights. Therefore, the expectation rights violations would be problematic in case it fails to reach the medical standard that is expected for common doctors to practice properly. This is the concept of expectation rights that gets subjective matters such as the patient's expectation to be objectivity as medical practices that can be expected by generalized abstract doctors. This standard should be defined as the minimum standard that is naturally expected for doctors to practice, different from medical standard that decides the level of doctors.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.341-358
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• 2021

Purpose: After product development, a Reliability Demonstration Test(RDT) is performed to confirm that the target life has been achieved. In the RDT, there are cases where the test equipment cannot accommodate all samples. Therefore, this study considers a test method to most economically demonstrate the target life of the product at a certain confidence level when the sample size is larger than the capacity of the test equipment. Methods: If the sample size is larger than the capacity of the test equipment, test equipments may be added or the test time of individual samples may be increased. So the test method is designed to cover this situation with limited capacity. A zero-failure test method is applied as a test method to RDT. To minimize the cost, the test cost is defined and the cost function is obtained. Finally, we obtain the optimal test plan. Results: A zero-failure test method is designed when the sample size is larger than the capacity of the test equipment, and the expected total cost is derived. In addition, the process of calculating the appropriate sample size, test time, and number of test equipment is illustrated through an example, and the effects of model parameters to the optimal solutions are investigated numerically. Conclusion: In this paper, we study a zero-failure RDT with test equipment that has limited capacity. The expected total cost is derived and the optimal sample size, test time, and number of test equipment are determined to minimize the expected total cost. We also studied numerical examples and for further studies, we can relax some restrictions in the test model and optimize the test method.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the respect for life of nursing students and to prepare the basic data for developing educational programs to establish proper awareness of the life of nursing students and nurturing it. This is a descriptive research study. A total of 146 nursing students were included in this study. Data analysis was performed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. The results of this study confirmed the meaning of life, spiritual wellbeing, and attitude toward death as factors influencing respect and will for life. The explanatory power of these three factors was 26.3%. Therefore, nursing students will be able to cultivate respect for life by increasing their understanding of the meaning of life, improving their level of spiritual well-being, and reducing their negative attitudes about death. Also, in order to improve the respect for life of nursing students, it will be possible to develop an intervention program to improve life respect including the factors identified in this study. Ultimately, it is expected to grow into a nurse who can provide real help to patients who are at the end of life or who are dying.