• 제목/요약/키워드: Existence Value

검색결과 867건 처리시간 0.029초

안티푸라민-에스® 로션의 레올로지 특성 연구 (Rheological Properties of Antiphlamine-S® Lotion)

  • 국화윤;송기원
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.185-199
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    • 2009
  • Using a strain-controlled rheometer [Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES)], the steady shear flow properties and the dynamic viscoelastic properties of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion have been measured at $20^{\circ}C$ (storage temperature) and $37^{\circ}C$ (body temperature). In this article, the temperature dependence of the linear viscoelastic behavior was firstly reported from the experimental data obtained from a temperature-sweep test. The steady shear flow behavior was secondly reported and then the effect of shear rate on this behavior was discussed in detail. In addition, several inelastic-viscoplastic flow models including a yield stress parameter were employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady shear flow behavior, and then the applicability of these models was examined by calculating the various material parameters. The angular frequency dependence of the linear viscoelastic behavior was nextly explained and quantitatively predicted using a fractional derivative model. Finally, the strain amplitude dependence of the dynamic viscoelastic behavior was discussed in full to elucidate a nonlinear rheological behavior in large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields. Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows : (1) The linear viscoelastic behavior is almostly independent of temperature over a temperature range of $15{\sim}40^{circ}C$. (2) The steady shear viscosity is sharply decreased as an increase in shear rate, demonstrating a pronounced Non-Newtonian shear-thinning flow behavior. (3) The shear stress tends to approach a limiting constant value as a decrease in shear rate, exhibiting an existence of a yield stress. (4) The Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi-Berk and Heinz-Casson models are all applicable and have an equivalent validity to quantitatively describe the steady shear flow behavior of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion whereas both the Bingham and Casson models do not give a good applicability. (5) In small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus is always greater than the loss modulus over an entire range of angular frequencies tested and both moduli show a slight dependence on angular frequency. This means that the linear viscoelastic behavior of $Antiphlamine-S^{(R)}$ lotion is dominated by an elastic nature rather than a viscous feature and that a gel-like structure is present in this system. (6) In large amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields, the storage modulus shows a nonlinear strain-thinning behavior at strain amplitude range larger than 10 % while the loss modulus exhibits a weak strain-overshoot behavior up to a strain amplitude of 50 % beyond which followed by a decrease in loss modulus with an increase in strain amplitude. (7) At sufficiently large strain amplitude range (${\gamma}_0$>100 %), the loss modulus is found to be greater than the storage modulus, indicating that a viscous property becomes superior to an elastic character in large shear deformations.

가축 사체 매몰지 주변 토양 및 지하수의 오염도 평가 (Assessment of Soil and Groundwater Contamination at Two Animal Carcass Disposal Sites)

  • 김계훈;김권래;김혁수;이군택;이근화
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제43권3호
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    • pp.384-389
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    • 2010
  • Outbreak of contagious diseases to livestock animals is becoming prevalent worldwide and consequently, tremendous numbers of the infected or culled stocks are buried on the ground as the most common disposal method. The buried animals can generate a wide range of detrimental components such as leachate, nutrient salts, and pathogenic bacteria, consequently contaminating the surround environment. This implies that regular investigations are required to monitor any possible detrimental environmental aspect occurred around burial sites. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate whether the soil and groundwater nearby the burial sites had been contaminated by the substances originated from the burial sites, which can be applied for the establishment of the ideal burial site construction design and post management scheme. For this, two different burial sites located in Cheonan and Pyeongtaek were selected. Cheonan and Pyeongtaek sites were constructed in 2004 and 2008, respectively and both contained dead poultry infected by avian influenza (AI). Soil and groundwater samples were collected around the sites followed by determination of the nutrient concentrations and bacteria (Salmonella, Camphylobacter, and Bacillus) existence in both soil and groundwater. Some of the soil samples showed higher EC, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N concentration compared to those of the background (control) soils. Also the concentration of $NH_4$-N in some of the groundwater samples appeared to exceed the USEPA guideline value for drinking water (10 mg $L^{-1}$). These results indicated that the soil and groundwater were influenced by the burial site originated nutrients. In the soil, Bacillus was isolated in most soil samples while there were no detections of Salmonella and Camplylobacter. Due to the Bacillus existing mainly as a spore in the soils, it was considered that the frequent detection of Bacillus in the soil samples was attributed to the nutrients originated from the burial sites.

수량화(數量化)(II)에 의한 산사태사면(山沙汰斜面)의 위험도(危險度) 판별(判別) (On the Determination of Slope Stability to Landslide by Quantification(II))

  • 강위평;무라이 히로시;오무라 히로시;마호섭
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제75권1호
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    • pp.32-37
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    • 1986
  • 산사태안전도판별(山沙汰安全度判別)에 대한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 1979년(年) 8월(月) 집중호우(集中豪雨)(일강우량(日降雨量) 465mm)에 의하여 산사태(山沙汰)가 발생한 진해지구(鎭海地區)를 모델로 하여 이 지구(地區)의 지형도상(地形圖上)($S=\frac{1}{5,000}$)에 $2cm{\times}2cm$(실면적(實面積) $100m{\times}100m=1ha$) 단위의 격자(格子)를 얹어 산사태지(山沙汰地) 74개, 비산사태지(非山沙汰地) 119개 계(計) 193개의 mesh에 대하여 산사태발생(山沙汰發生)의 각(各) 요인(要因) 및 수준(水準)을 계측(計測)하여 수량화(數量化)(II)의 수법(手法)에 의하여 해석(解析)한 결과 산사태발생(山沙汰發生)에 기여도(寄與度)가 높은 요인(要因)의 순위(順位)는 다음과 같다. 1) 식생(植生), 2) 종단사면형(縱斷斜面形), 3) 사면위치(斜面位置), 4) 경사(傾斜), 5) 방위(方位), 6) 곡수(谷數). 또 침엽수(針葉樹) 10년생(年生) 내외, 복합사면(複合斜面), 하강사면(下降斜面), 산록(山麓), 경사(傾斜), $10^{\circ}-15^{\circ}$, 방위(方位) NW, 곡수(谷數) 1개의 각(各) 수준(水準)이 불안전측(不安全側)에, 침엽수(針葉樹) 20~30년생(年生), 활엽수(濶葉樹), 상승사면(上昇斜面), 평형사면(平衡斜面), 산정(山頂) 등의 수준(水準)이 안전측(安全側)에 기여(寄與)하고 있다. 그리고 판별구분치(判別區分値)는 -0.123이고 적중률(適中率)은 72%로서 비교적 양호한 양(兩) group구분(區分)을 할 수 있었다.

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공급사슬관리의 예측전략과 지연전략 선택을 위한 프로파일링 접근법 (Profiling Approach for the Choice between Speculation and Postponement Strategy in Supply Chain Management)

  • 강성욱;김규배
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.47-54
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    • 2014
  • Purpose - The postponement strategy, which delays the form, place, and production of products as late as possible, has been widely considered as a competitive supply chain management scheme in an era of mass customization and modular manufacturing. An interesting business phenomenon is that not all manufacturing/logistics firms choose the postponement strategy. Given that postponement is a counter-measure to speculation, which has some advantages under certain environments, the current imprudent inclination toward the postponement strategy may cause firms to lose the potential of the speculation strategy, an alternative strategy in supply chain management. Building on the logistics and manufacturing literature, this study examines characteristics of two contrasting strategies, postponement and speculation, and major factors favoring each strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - We apply the profiling approach to two business cases, HP printer and LG mobile phone. The profiling approach is a method of choosing a particular strategy aligned with environmental factors. While various approaches have been used to check the fit between a business strategy and environmental factors, the literature on manufacturing strategy and logistics has commonly adopted the profiling approach. Major factors used in profiling variables are derived from the literature. Two samples, HP printer and LG mobile phone, are selected, because they represent major characteristics appropriate for each strategy. The profiling is based on data from semi-organized interviews with managers. Results - The profiling approach shows that the postponement strategy is a suitable one for HP printers. Most factors, such as product life cycle, large production volume, low-price, product value, and monetary density, support delaying end products until as late as possible. Despite some exceptions, such as delivery time and economy of scale, our analysis states that the overall profile of HP printer is favorable for the postponement strategy. On the other hand, LG mobile phone may adapt the speculation strategy. Although it has large production volume and low delivery frequency, most characteristics support the speculation strategy for this product. An interesting finding is that, despite common perception that advanced technology products such as mobile telephones favor the postponement strategy, profiling proposes the speculation strategy for this product. Conclusions - Our analysis shows that speculation is not the universal option for supply chain management, and that, when choosing a specific strategy, one should consider many factors simultaneously. A major implication of our work is to emphasize the role of environmental factors such as supply chain variables in choosing an inventory strategy, and the importance of fit rather than solely strategic orientation. A theoretical contribution is to demonstrate the benefit of the simultaneous consideration of business variables in choosing specific strategies. For practitioners, our work leads us to consider the existence and the potential of speculation as a counter-measure to postponement. In addition, the comprehensive framework in this research may be instantly used in examining a practical strategy.

한국노인의 회상(回想)의 본질에 관한 연구 (The Nature of Korean Elder의s Reminiscence : A Phenomenological Approach)

  • 이은정
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.498-509
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    • 1998
  • The phrases such as elders' powerless soliloquy or stammering and their positions unadjusted to the real world are, so far, one of negative views on elder's reminiscences. In other words, it means that elders can get psychological consolation from the getting themselves absorbed in their past. The starting point of this study is, however, that elders' reminiscence are their own mode of the existence. This dissertation is studied through Van Manen's phenomenological research method. The aim of this study is to examine the nature of Korean elders' reminiscences by both observing and describing the reminiscing content in everyday life of elders. The research participants consist of the ten elders who are community elders, hospitalized elders and nursing home residents. The period of the research is about a year from Jan., 1996 to Feb., 1997. The results of this study are as follows : The natures of elders' reminiscences are the regrecting on their life, mitigating the regrects, the confirmation of the powers and the confirmation of their life's mark. The regrecting on their life is the starting point of elders's reminiscences. Elders have tried to examine their life through reflection on their life that they did not live good life as son and daughter for parents and as parents for children and that they have foolishly lived, on dream that they did not come true, on their learning that they did not unsatisfied. But elders mitigate the regrects. They have felt their limitations of power in the conflict of human relation, the economic matter and the difficult predicament, and have finally accepted their life as it is by conquesting from their tenacity. It is dynamically found that both the regrecting on their life and mitigating of the regrection. And they pursuit the powers. It means the pursuit of the vital powers, the vigorous powers and the competency. Elders have pursued their vitality, vigor and competency through their reminiscences and have wanted to be recognised by others as a powerful being. These have dynamic and compounded aspects. The confirmation of their life's mark refer to through their own situation of health, condition, children, neighbourhood and doing their duty as a human. Elders have confirmed the present value of their being through the reflecting the present, past self, other men around themselves, children, neighborhood and the doing their human duty as a good men. Therefore the results of this study can offer new view on the elders' reminiscences that we have to understand them as a process as what they are, escaping from the simple logic that elders' reminiscence have a positive or a negative effects. Also, this study which have examined the natures of Korean elders' reminiscences can cast a new light on elders' nursing proper for Korean culture.

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BVI PHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF THE OLD OPEN CLUSTER RUPRECHT 6

  • Kim, Sang Chul;Kyeong, Jaemann;Park, Hong Soo;Han, Ilseung;Lee, Joon Hyeop;Moon, Dae-Sik;Lee, Youngdae;Kim, Seongjae
    • 천문학회지
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    • 제50권3호
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    • pp.79-92
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    • 2017
  • We present a BV I optical photometric study of the old open cluster Ruprecht 6 using the data obtained with the SMARTS 1.0 m telescope at the CTIO, Chile. Its color-magnitude diagrams show the clear existence of the main-sequence stars, whose turn-off point is located around $V{\approx}18.45mag$ and $B-V{\approx}0.85mag$. Three red clump (RC) stars are identified at V = 16.00 mag, I = 14.41 mag and B - V = 1.35 mag. From the mean $K_s-band$ magnitude of RC stars ($K_s=12.39{\pm}0.21mag$) in Ruprecht 6 from 2MASS photometry and the known absolute magnitudes of the RC stars ($M_{K_S}=-1.595{\pm}0.025mag$), we obtain the distance modulus to Ruprecht 6 of $(m-M)_0=13.84{\pm}0.21mag$ ($d=5.86{\pm}0.60kpc$). From the ($J-K_s$) and (B - V ) colors of the RC stars, comparison of the (B - V ) and (V - I) colors of the bright stars in Ruprecht 6 with those of the intrinsic colors of dwarf and giant stars, and the PARSEC isochrone fittings, we derive the reddening values of E(B - V ) = 0.42 mag and E(V - I) = 0.60 mag. Using the PARSEC isochrone fittings onto the color-magnitude diagrams, we estimate the age and metallicity to be: $log(t)=9.50{\pm}0.10(t=3.16{\pm}0.82Gyr)$ and $[Fe/H]=-0.42{\pm}0.04dex$. We present the Galactocentric radial metallicity gradient analysis for old (age > 1 Gyr) open clusters of the Dias et al. catalog, which likely follow a single relation of $[Fe/H]=(-0.034{\pm}0.007)R_{GC}+(0.190{\pm}0.080)$ (rms = 0.201) for the whole radial range or a dual relation of $[Fe/H]=(-0.077{\pm}0.017)R_{GC}+(0.609{\pm}0.161)$ (rms = 0.152) and constant ([Fe/H] ~ -0.3 dex) value, inside and outside of RGC ~ 12 kpc, respectively. The metallicity and Galactocentric radius ($13.28{\pm}0.54kpc$) of Ruprecht 6 obtained in this study seem to be consistent with both of the relations.

치주수술후 치주포대의 사용유무에 따른 임상적 효과에 대한 비교논문 (A Comparative Study of Clinical Sffects Following Periodontal Surgery with and without Dressing)

  • 배상범;임성빈;정진형
    • Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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    • 제29권3호
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    • pp.693-703
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    • 1999
  • Since they were introduced by Ward in 1923, periodontal dressing have been routinely used following the periodontal surgery to avoid pain, infection, desensitizing teeth, inhibiting food impaction of the surgical areas, and immobilizing injured areas. Recently, however, the value of periodontal dressings and their effects on periodontal wound healing have been questioned, several authors have been reported that the use of dressing has little influence on healing following periodontal surgical procedures. In addition, there is evidence that when good flap adaptation is achieved, the use of a periodontal dressing does not add to patient comfort nor promote healing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient postoperative pain experience and discomfort with and without the use of periodontal dressing following periodontal surgery. Twenty-eight patients, 11 male and 17 female. were selected for this study; The age range was 31 to 56, with an average of 40.2years. Patient selection was based on existence of two bilateral sites presenting similar periodontal involvement, as determined by clinical and radiographic assessment, and requiring comparable bilateral surgical procedures. Using a splitmouth dressing. one site received a periodontal dressing while the other site did not. Pain assessment was made according to a horizontal, rating scale(0-10). After at least a two-week period, the second surgical precedure was performed using the alternate postoperative treatment. At the conclusion of the trial, a self-administered questionnaire on postoperative experience was administered, and were asked of their preference of either, dressed or undressed. The results were as follows: 1. A similar trend for mean pain and discomfort scores as assessed by patients both dressed and salinetreated procedures was evident during 7-day postsurgical period. 2. Statistical analysis of differences between the dressed side and salinetreated side with respect to pain, discomfort and patient's experiences revealed that both treatment sides behaved similarly at any postoperative day(P>0.05). 3. Considering the patient's preference, on the basis of pain and discomfort experienced, 43% preferred the saline-mouthwash and 32% preferred the dressing, 25% showing no preference for either the dressing or the saline-mouthwash. There is evidence to support the use of a periodontal dressing in retention of an apically positioned flap by preventing coronal displacement, or its use to provide additional support to stabilize a free gingival graft. However, there will always be a use for periodontal dressing although routine use of dressings may decrease because of better surgical techniques and the use of antibacterial mouth rinses.

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가역투자율 측정에 의한 터빈로터강의 비파괴적 잔여수명 평가 (Nondestructive Evaluation of Remanent Life of Turbine Rotor Steel by Measuring Reversible Magnetic Permeability)

  • 유권상;남승훈;김용일
    • 비파괴검사학회지
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.315-321
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    • 2003
  • 고온, 고압에서 운용되고 있는 설비의 안전성을 평가하기 위해서는 사용시간 동안 열화된 물성을 정기적으로 점검하여 설비의 잔여수명을 평가해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 교류 섭동 자기장을 인가하여 구한 가역투자율 값을 이용하여 1Cr-1Mo-0.25V 강의 잔여수명을 평가하기 위한 자기적 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 이 방법은 자기이력곡선의 미분값인 가역투자율이 보자력에서 첨두 값을 갖는 특성을 이용하였으며, 측정원리는 교류 섭동 자기장의 주파수에 동조된 록-인 증폭기를 사용하여 탐지코일에 유도된 제 1 고조파의 전압을 측정하는 것이다. 가역투자율의 첨두값 간격 (peak interval of reversible magnetic permeability: PIRMP)과 비커스 경도는 열화가 진행됨에 따라 감소하였다 따라서 비커스 경도와 PIRMP상관관계에 의해 연화곡선을 구할 수 있고, 이 연화곡선에 의해 터빈로터 강의 잔여수명을 평가할 수 있다.

건조(乾燥) 고추 저장(貯藏) 중(中)의 변색(變色)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Color and Carotenoid Changes During Storage of Dried Red Pepper)

  • 김동연;이종욱
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.53-58
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    • 1980
  • 건조(乾燥) 고추의 변색(變色) 요인(要因)을 구명(究明)키 위(爲)하여 수분(水分) 활성(活性), 광선(光線), 산소(酸素) 및 온도(溫度)를 달리 했을 때의 capsanthin의 소장(消長)과 또 몇가지 구장재(句裝材)로 가루, 원형(原形) 및 원형(原形) 압축(壓縮) 상태(狀態)로 포장(包裝)하여 capsanthin 양(量)과 색도(色度)에 관한 시험(試驗) 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 고추의 capsanthin에 미치는 상온하(常溫下)($25^{\circ}C$)의 한계(限界) 수분(水分) 활성(活性)은 0.75이었다. 2. Capsanthin의 감소(減少)는 적외선(赤外線), 백열등(白熱燈) 하(下)에서 보다 자외선(紫外線) 이 심했다. 3. Capsanthin의 질산(窒素) 가스 내(內)에서는 거의 감소(減少)가 없었고 공기(空氣) 내(內)에서 심함 감소(減少)가 있는 것으로 보아 고추의 변색(變色)은 주(主)로 산화(酸化) 작용(作用)에 기인(基因)하는 것으로 본다. 4. $9{\sim}11$월(月)의 상온(常溫)과 저온(低溫) 저장(貯藏) 시(時)에는 포장(包裝)된 고추의 capsanthin의 변화(變化)는 별로 차이(差異)가 없었다. 5. 형태(形態) 별(別) 3개월(個月) 저장(貯藏) 시험(試驗) 결과(結果)는 capsanthin 양(量)과 색도(色度)는 가루 저장(貯藏)이 가장 높았다. 6. 포장(包裝) 재료(材料) 별(別) 밀봉(密封) 저장(貯藏) 시험(試驗) 결과(結果)는 투수성(透水性)과 투기성(透氣性)이 없는 재료(材料)가 P.E.보다 capsanthin 양(量)과 색도(色度)가 높았다.

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MMORPG 개발 후발업체의 과금방식에 관한 연구 (A Study on The Billing System of Late Movers in MMORPG)

  • 이남재;설남오;이광재
    • 한국게임학회 논문지
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.19-27
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    • 2005
  • 온라인게임 마케팅의 가격정책은 정액선불제와 PC방의 종량제가 대표적이다. 이 두 모델은 대부분의 온라인게임기업 및 MMORPG의 기본 과금방식으로 인식되어 왔으나 점차 선두기업만의 수익구조로 정착되고 있다. 선두기업들의 시장 점유율이 80%를 넘어선 상황에서 후발기업들이 동일한 과금방식을 적용할 경우 경쟁은 불가능해진다. 시험평가에서 호평을 받은 후발 MMORPG 들이 상용화의 벽을 넘지 못하고 도산하고 있는 예가 이를 증명해준다. 후발업체들은 생존과 고객확보차원에서 먼저 무료게임을 선언하고, 이후 아이템의 판매와 경험치, 게임 머니의 배수 서비스로 유도하기도 한다. 그러나 유무료 고객 간의 분쟁을 낳고, 정액제를 기반으로 제작한 게임 콘텐츠의 밸런스가 붕괴되어 게임의 생명을 단축하는 결과로 이어지고 있다. 후발업체의 안정된 수익과 시장진입을 위해서는 기획 단계부터 콘텐츠에 맞는 과금 방식을 설계해야 하며 또 선두업체들과는 차별화된 과금방식을 확보해야한다. 본 연구에서는 단순 아이템 판매와 배수 서비스가 아닌 게임 콘텐츠를 기반으로 하는 다양한 콘텐츠 서비스를 분류하였다. 그리고 이들 콘텐츠를 저가로 책정함으로써 이용고객들의 소액결재를 유도하는 콘텐츠 프리미엄 서비스를 제안하였다. 이는 현재 게임 시장에서 후발 MMORPG 게임 업체의 새로운 과금방식으로 적용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

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