• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.76 no.6
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• pp.269-275
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• 2014

Background: The six-minute walk test has been widely used in people with chronic cardiopulmonary disorders as an outcome assessment with regards to therapeutic or prognostic determinants. This study was undertaken to determine the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) in a sample of healthy Koreans and to create a reference equation. We also compared the 6MWD of our cohort with previously published equations. Methods: Two hundred fifty-nine healthy subjects (95 males) aged 22-59 years performed two walking tests using a standardized protocol. 6MWD was defined as the greatest distance achieved from the two tests. The effect of anthropometrics on the 6MWD was also investigated. Results: The average 6MWD was $598.5{\pm}57.92m$, with significantly longer distances by males ($628.9{\pm}59.51m$) than females ($580.9{\pm}47.80m$) (p<0.001). Age, height, weight, and body mass index were significantly correlated with 6MWD in univariate analysis. Stepwise multiple regression showed height to be single independent predictor of 6MWD ($r^2$=0.205, p<0.001). The reference equations derived in Caucasian and North African populations tend to overestimate the distance walked by Korean subjects, while Asian equations underestimate it. Conclusion: The average 6MWD in these Korean populations was 600 m. The regression equation revealed that individual's height was the most significant predictor of distance, explaining 20.5% of the distance variance.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.280-284
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• 2003

Creation of an axillary arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was performed in two patients with high risks of Fontan operation after a cavopulmonary shunt. The patients complained of progressive cyanosis and decrease in exercise tolerance, and they showed pulmonary arteriovenous fistula on the pulmonary angiography. They were uneventfully transferred to the general ward on the first postoperative day and discharged 3 and 4 days after the operation respectively. There was no evidence of fistula-related volume loading and the other post-operative complications. An 8-month follow-up revealed improved symptoms such as, cyanosis and exercise intolerance, but not sufficient regression of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula on a lung perfusion scan and contrast echocardiography, which should be carefully checked hereafter.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.34-43
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• 2020

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to assess changes in blood glucose level, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in elderly women aged over 65 years with hypertension and either normal glycemic control, impaired fasting glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus. We also wished to investigate the relationship between stages of diabetes and physical fitness. [Methods] A total of 24 elderly women with hypertension were assigned to a control group (CON; n=7), impaired fasting glucose group (IFG; n=9), and diabetes mellitus group (DM; n=8). In each group, blood glucose level, brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV), and blood pressure were measured at baseline as well as 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT. Physical fitness factors such as hand grip strength, balance test, 4 m gait speed test, chair stand test, short physical performance battery, and 6-minute walking test were subsequently assessed. [Results] In all three groups, blood glucose levels were significantly increased at 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT. In the DM group, blood glucose levels were significantly higher before and after a 75 g OGTT than in the CON group. In the CON group, PWV was significantly increased at 60 minutes after a 75 g OGTT; however, there were no changes in other groups after glucose ingestion. In the CON group, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased at 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT compared to baseline. However, there was no change in blood pressure after ingestion in the DM group. The IFG group had greater grip strength than the CON group; however, there were no differences in other variables between the groups. [Conclusion] After a 75 g OGTT, elderly women with hypertension and diabetes maintain higher blood glucose levels compared to those with hypertension alone. Unlike elderly women with hypertension alone, those with hypertension and diabetes did not show changes in arterial stiffness and blood pressure after a 75 g OGTT. Therefore, elderly women with hypertension and diabetes may not be able to control their blood vessels following a 75 g OGTT due to impaired vascular endothelial function. Moreover, there was no association between diabetes stage and physical fitness in elderly women with hypertension.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.369-378
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• 2002

Background : The effects of chemotherapy on pulmonary function are mainly a reduced diffusion capacity and a restrictive ventilatory impairment. Exercise can expose cardiovascular and pulmonary abnormalities not evident at rest. Exercise related cardiopulmonary function is important in patients with malignant disease as a determinant of quality of life. We performed this study to evaluate the changes of body composition and cadiopulmonary exercise perfoemance of patients with locally advanced, non-small cell, lung cancer (NSCLC) before and after chemotherapy. Methods : We evaluated resting pulmonary function, body composition, physiologic performance status, and cardiopulmonary exercise function in 11 patients with locally advanced NSCLC, at diagnosis and prior to the fourth cycle of chemotherapy. Results : After chemotherapy, 4 patients (36.4%) showed partial response and 7 (63.4%) had stable disease. After chemotherapy, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was reduced ($89.7{\pm}34.1%$, vs. $71.9{\pm}20.5%$) but not significantly. There were no significant changes in body composition or the state of physiologic performance after chemotherapy. There was a significant impairment of cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance in patients with NSCLC, evidenced by a reduction of maximal oxygen uptake ($VO_2$max, ml/kg/min, $17.9{\pm}2.6$ : $12.6{\pm}6.1$, <0.05) and $O_2$pulse ($O_2$ pulse, ml/beat, $7.0{\pm}1.7$, $5.2{\pm}2.1$, <0.05). Conclusion : Systemic chemotherapy resulted in a loss of cardiopulmonary exercise function in patients with locally advanced NSCLC within the short-term period, but not a physiologic change of body composition within the same period.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2008

Pulmonary hypertension is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein or pulmonary capillaries. Depending on the cause, pulmonary hypertension can be a severe disease with markedly decreased exercise tolerance and right-sided heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension can present as one of five different types: arterial, venous, hypoxic, thromboembolic, or miscellaneous. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with severe pulmonary hypertension is a rare disease. A 52-year-old man presented with a complaint of aggravating dyspnea. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 61.5 mmHg by Doppler echocardiogram. The patient was prescribed diuretics, digoxin, bronchodilator, sildenafil, bosentan and an oxygen supply. However, he ultimately died of cor pulmonale. Thus, diagnosis and early combination therapy are important.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.481-488
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• 2014

An analysis of the uncertainty quantification related to LBLOCA using the Monte-Carlo calculation has been performed and compared with the tolerance level determined by the Wilks' formula. The uncertainty range and distribution of each input parameter associated with the LOCA phenomena were determined based on previous PIRT results and documentation during the BEMUSE project. Calulations were conducted on 3,500 cases within a 2-week CPU time on a 14-PC cluster system. The Monte-Carlo exercise shows that the 95% upper limit PCT value can be obtained well, with a 95% confidence level using the Wilks' formula, although we have to endure a 5% risk of PCT under-prediction. The results also show that the statistical fluctuation of the limit value using Wilks' first-order is as large as the uncertainty value itself. It is therefore desirable to increase the order of the Wilks' formula to be higher than the second-order to estimate the reliable safety margin of the design features. It is also shown that, with its ever increasing computational capability, the Monte-Carlo method is accessible for a nuclear power plant safety analysis within a realistic time frame.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2020

[Purpose] Blood glucose and insulin resistance were lower following hypoxic exposure in previous studies. However, the effect of hypoxia as therapy in obese model has not been unknown. [Methods] Six-week-old mice were randomly divided into chow diet (n=10) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups (n=20). The chow diet group received a non-purified commercial diet (65 % carbohydrate, 21 % protein, and 14 % fat) and water ad libitum. The HFD group was fed an HFD (Research Diet, #D12492; 60% kcal from fat, 5.24 kcal/g). Both groups consumed their respective diet for 7 weeks. Subsequently, HFD-induced mice (12-weeks-old) were randomly divided into two treatment groups : HFD-Normoxia (HFD; n=10) and HFD-Hypoxia (HYP; n=10, fraction of inspired=14.6%). After treatment for 4 weeks, serum glucose, insulin and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed. [Results] Homeostatic model assessment values for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of the HYP group tended to be lower than the HFD group. Regarding the OGTT, the area under the curve was 13% lower for the HYP group than the HFD group. [Conclusion] Insulin resistance tended to be lower and glucose uptake capacity was significantly augmented under hypoxia. From a clinical perspective, exposure to hypoxia may be a practical method of treating obesity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.83-93
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• 2016

This study was conducted to develop a 26-week obesity management program and examine the effects of this program on obesity index (body mass index, fat mass percentage, and triglyceride) and psychological variables, self-esteem, dietary self-efficacy, physical activity self-efficacy, and body image among 46 4th-6th obese elementary school children with a BMI above $20kg/m^2$ using a nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental design (experimental group=23, control group=23). This program included a 12-week intensive course (12 times for group education on obesity, exercise, and nutrition, 36 times for practicing diet and physical exercise, and 5 times for psychological counseling) and a 14-week follow-up course (3 times for group education, 3 times for checking diet and physical exercise, and 1 time for psychological counseling. The collected data were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, chi-squared test, Fisher's exact probability, t-test, and ANCOVA. There were above normal values in body mass index ($20kg/m^2$), fat mass percentage (15-20%), and triglyceride tolerance ($90mg/d{\ell}$) in experimental group and control group. The body mass index (F=94.869, p<.001), fat mass percentage (F=37.361, p<.001), and triglyceride tolerance (F=7.907, p= .007) were significantly lower, while self-esteem (F=19.661, p<.001), dietary self-efficacy (F=16.942, p<.001), physical activity self-efficacy (F=9.363, p= .004), and body image (F=9.782, p= .003) were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group after 26 weeks. This study provides evidence that the 26-weeks obesity management program is an effective nursing intervention for managing obesity and psychological variables of obese elementary school children.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.161-168
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• 1995

It has been found that various stress challenges induce the myocardial antioxidant enzymes and produce an acquisition of the cellular resistance to the ischemic injury in animal hearts. Most of the stresses, however, seem to be guite dangerous to an animal's life. In the present study, therefore, we tried to search for safely applicable stress modalities which could lead to the induction of antioxidant enzymes and the production of myocardial tolerance to the ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were exposed to various non-fatal stress conditions, i.e., hyperthermia (environmental temperature of $42^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, non-anesthetized animal), iramobilization (60 min), treadmill exercise (20 m/min, 30min), swimming (30 min), and hyperbaric oxyflenation (3 atm, 60 min), once a day for 5 days. The activities of myocardial antioxidant enzymes and the ischemia-reperfusion injury of isolated hearts were evaluated at 24 hr after the last application of the stresses. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), were assayed in the freshly excised ventricular tissues. The ischemia-reperfusion injury was produced by 20 min-global ischemia followed by 30 min-reperfusion using a Langendorff perfusion system. In swimming and hyperbaric oxygenation groups, the activities of SOD and G6PD increased significantly and in the hyperthermia group, the catalase activity was elevated by 63% compared to the control. The percentile recoveries of cardiac function at 30 min of the post-ischemic reperfusion were 55.4%, 73.4%, and 74.2% in swimming, the hyperbaric oxygenation and the hyperthermia groups, respectively. The values were significantly higher than that of the control (38.6%). In additions, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and lactate dehydrogenase release were significantly reduced in the stress groups. The results suggest that the antioxidant enzymes in the heart could be induced by the apparently safe in vivo-stresses and this may be involved in the myocardial protection from the ischemia-reperfusion injury.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.729-734
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• 2010

An 11-year old, intact female Poodle (weighing 2.3 kg) was referred with signs of consistent coughing, dyspnea, poor exercise tolerance, and anorexia. Diagnostic imaging and laboratory studies revealed idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion complicated with ISACHC Ib stage of chronic mitral valvular degeneration. Percutaneous transcatheter pericardiotomy (PTP) was performed at the right precordium using alligator forceps with fluoroscopic guidance. Immediately after PTP, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram showed dramatic improvement of cardiac performance. Patient was released with the prescription of furosemide (1 mg/kg, bid, PO), enalapril (0.5 mg/kg, bid, PO), cephradine (20 mg/kg, bid, PO) for mild mitral regurgitation and post-management of infection. Diagnostic studies performed at 2 weeks after PTP revealed no further accumulation of pericardial effusion and improvement of clinical signs. The dog is currently medicated with enalapril and monitored regularly.