• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.924-937
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of resistance training intensity levels on muscle damaged index and aging-related hormones in obese middle-aged women. Thirty middle-aged women having over 30% of body fat participated in this study. The subjects were assigned into 3 groups on the basis of workout intensity, 50% intensity, 60% intensity, and 70% intensity. After performing three different types of exercise for 12 weeks, the levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), melatonin, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S), and growth hormone (GH) in all subjects were assessed before and after the program. Muscle damaged index was effectively changed in low exercise intensity group. However, aging-related hormones were effectively changed in high exercise intensity group. DHEA-S and GH were significantly increased in the 70% intensity group than the other groups.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.427-436
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to analyze the concurrent treatment effects of ursolic acid (UA) and low-intensity treadmill exercise and to confirm the effectiveness of UA as an exercise mimetic to safely improve muscle atrophy-related diseases using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Significant muscle atrophy was induced in male SD rats through hind limb immobilization using casting for 10 days. The muscle atrophy-induced SD rats were group into four: SED, sedentary; UA, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg; EX, low-intensity (10-12 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade) treadmill exercise; and UEX, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg, and low-intensity (10-12 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade) treadmill exercise. After 8 weeks of treatment, endurance capacity was analyzed using a treadmill, and tissues were extracted for analysis of visceral fat mass, body weight, muscle mass, expression of muscle atrophy- and hypertrophy-related genes, and endurance capacity. Although the effects of body weight gain control, muscle mass increase, and endurance capacity improvement were inadequate in the UA group, significant results were confirmed in the UEX group. The UEX group had significantly reduced body weight and visceral fat, significantly improved mass of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles, and significantly decreased atrophy-related gene expression of MuRF1 and atrogin-1, but did not have significant change in hypertrophy-related gene expression of Akt and mTOR. The endurance capacity was significantly improved in the EX and UEX groups. These data suggest that concurrent treatment with low-intensity exercise and UA is effective for atrophy-related physical dysfunctions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.105-112
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• 2018

PURPOSE: Strengthening training is effective at improving the function of stroke patients. This study was conducted to compare the effects of exercise intensity on walking, balancing ability, and blood glucose in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to suggest more effective exercise intensity for stroke patients. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into an experimental group (n=11) and a control group (n=11). In the experimental group, a 40-70% strength of 1RM exercise program was applied for 40 minutes a day, three times a week for 4 weeks. The control group received a 50% intensity of 1RM for the same number and duration of interventions as the experimental group. RESULTS: Both the experimental group and the control group showed significant improvement in the gait function, balance ability, and blood glucose level after the intervention compared to before the intervention. In the FGA (functional gait assessment), the experimental group showed a 52.4% greater increase than the control group, and the fasting blood glucose level was 16.7% greater in the experimental group than the control group. CONCLUSION: The strengthening exercise program, which gradually increases exercise intensity, seems to be effective at improving the function of stroke patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1039-1045
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• 2011

The effects of duration and time-dependent, high-intensity exercise on hematological properties and inflammation-related parameters in rats were studied. 20, 60, and 120 min of high-intensive exercise were performed daily for 8 weeks. None of the complete blood count (CBC) factors were affected by the exercise, except for the leukocyte concentration which, in the 20 min group, showed an increase of 47% compared to the control, but this was decreased after 60 min by 30% compared to the control. As exercise was performed for 60 min or longer, serum concentrations of $Fe^{++}$, unsaturated iron biding capacity (UIBC), and total iron biding capacity (TIBC) were significantly elevated in comparison to the control, where 20 min of exercise did not show any change. Both levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine in the serum, were elevated in response to the high-intensity exercise, however the rate of IL-6 increase was higher than the rate of exercise intensity increase, thus the offset of inflammation might be suggested. The concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the serum became high in response to the exercise. Overall, the current observation suggests that inflammation-like responses to high-intensity exercise might be due to high circulation of blood flow and high oxygen requirement, resulting in systemic damages. However, under the current high-intensity exercise conditions, more than 20 min of exercise might not be suggested for health care purposes.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.27-32
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effect of EMS (electrical muscle stimulation) on rectus femoris thickness during resisted knee extension exercise in healthy adults. This experiment was conducted on 20 healthy adults as pretest-posttest nonequivalent one group design. The subject's 1RM of both knee extension was measured indirectly using an elastic band, and the knee extension resistance exercise using an elastic band was applied to high intensity (80% of 1RM) on the right leg and low intensity (50% of 1RM with EMS) on the left leg, which were applied with 5 sets. Muscle measurements were performed on the rectus femoris (1/2 site, 1/4 site) using ultrasonography before and after exercise. There was a statistically significant difference on the thickness of the rectus femoris in low intensity exercise of the elastic band applied with EMS between pre-test and post-test (p<.05). The results of this study showed that elastic band low intensity exercise combined with EMS had an immediate effective in increasing the thickness of rectus femoris. Based on this result, it is also necessary to verify the effectiveness of intervention methods incorporating low-intensity resistance exercises applying EMS to elderly who cannot exercise high-intensity resistance training in the future, and to develop exercise programs for various body parts.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.313-323
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• 2022

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia, and it corresponds highly with exercise intensity. Here, we induced AF in mice using acetylcholine (ACh)-CaCl₂ for 7 days and aimed to determine the appropriate exercise intensity (no, low, moderate, high) to protect against AF by running the mice at different intensities for 4 weeks before the AF induction by ACh-CaCl₂. We examined the AF-induced atrial remodeling using electrocardiogram, patch-clamp, and immunohistochemistry. After the AF induction, heart rate, % increase of heart rate, and heart weight/body weight ratio were significantly higher in all the four AF groups than in the normal control; highest in the high-ex AF and lowest in the low-ex (lower than the no-ex AF), which indicates that low-ex treated the AF. Consistent with these changes, G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K⁺ currents, which were induced by ACh, increased in an exercise intensity-dependent manner and were lower in the low-ex AF than the no-ex AF. The peak level of Ca²⁺ current (at 0 mV) increased also in an exercise intensity-dependent manner and the inactivation time constants were shorter in all AF groups except for the low-ex AF group, in which the time constant was similar to that of the control. Finally, action potential duration was shorter in all the four AF groups than in the normal control; shortest in the high-ex AF and longest in the low-ex AF. Taken together, we conclude that low-intensity exercise protects the heart from AF, whereas high-intensity exercise might exacerbate AF.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.240-254
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise therapy and relaxation therapy on catecholamine and heart rate in people in white color jobs and to determine this information the effectiveness of applied exercise therapy and relaxation therapy as a nursing intervention method for stress patients. The subjects were divided into an exercise therapy group, a relaxation therapy group, and control group and the research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-post test design(exercise therapy : n= 12, relaxation therapy : n=12, control group, the group without any treatment in exercise on relaxation therapy : n=12), The subjects in the exercise therapy group were given a particular intensity for each kp during 30min, bicycle ergometer which is using an LX PE training system before & after 4weeks of training. The exercise therapy that was used was Astrard load method which tested absolute exercise load of heart rate before & after four weeks, and resting heart rate was tested for exercise and relaxation therapy before, after four weeks, and at eight weeks. The results of each kp & absolute exercise load were calculated with the target rate formula(maximal heart rate-rest heart rate) x exercise intensity(%) + rest heart rate so the subjects could continue 60-70% exercise intensity for exercise therapy over eight weeks. The relaxation therapy subjects were trained using a modified Jacobson's relaxation technique for eight weeks. The exercise and relaxation therapy were trained at the following intensity for eight weeks(3times/week, 30min/day) to see changes in catecholamine & heart rates. After eight weeks, statistical analysis of exercise & relaxation therapy were carried out Two-way ANOVA and multiple range test(SNK : Student Newman Keul) were used. The results are as follows : 1. The change of epinephrine & norepinephrine in the exercise therapy, relaxation therapy, and control group was statistically significant at the .05 level after four weeks & eight weeks. Also, exercise therapy was statistically significant at .05 level over that of the control group after 4weeks. 2. The change of heart rate in relaxation therapy was statistically significant at the .05 level, and was statistically significant at the .05 level over that of the exercise therapy and control group. In conclusion, it is obvious that exercise therapy and relaxation therapy should be one of the most effective stress treatment and desirable nursing interventions methods for job stress in people in white color jobs.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.370-375
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• 2006

The purpose of this work is to predict the systolic blood pressure (BP) during exercise from pulse transit time (PTT) for warning of possible danger. PTT was calculated as the time between R-peak of ECG and the peak of differential photoplethysmograph (PPG). For the PTT-BP model, we used regress equations from previous studies and 3 kinds of new models combining linear and nonlinear regress equation. The model parameters were estimated with the data measured under low to middle intensity exercise, and then was tested with the data measured under high intensity exercise. Predicted BP values after high intensity exercise were compared with those measured by cuff-type sphygmomanometer. The results showed that the error between measured and predicted values were acceptable for the monitoring BP. We tested PTT-BP models 1 month after the identification without further calibration. Models could predict the BP and the errors between measured and predicted BP were about 5mmHg. The suggested system is expected to be helpful in recognizing any danger during exercise.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.949-955
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to investigate effects of Low intensity cardiac rehabilitation, using a treadmill, on the myocardial structure. We identified the effects by analyzing changes in the rats' weights and the results of biopsies. Twenty Sprague-Dawley male rats, 50 weeks old, were randomly divided into the exercise group and the control group. myocardial infarction(MI) was induced by ligaturing their left anterior descending artery. After the acute MI induction, two rats of each group began to fall dead, therefore, eight of each group completed at the end of the experiment. We used treadmills for animals for the exercise group. This exercise group performed 30 minutes of exercise five times per week for six weeks, while the control group did not perform any exercise. No statistically significant differences in weight were found in within group comparison and between group comparison. Furthermore, we observed histological changes in the myocardium using Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining in both groups. Low-intensity exercise inhibited myocardial fibrosis, may serve as a reference in the cardiopulmonary field, which plays a role in rehabilitating patients with cardiac disorders, including acute MI.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2022

Objective: Nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) is experienced worldwide by many age groups. Yoga is recommended as an exercise to reduce back pain and stress because it is a breathing exercise, posture, and meditation as key elements. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of yoga and stabilization exercise on pain intensity, function, and depression. Design: An open-label, parallel arm, randomized controlled trial Methods: Twenty-four participants were allocated to the experimental and the control group in a ratio of 1:1. Yoga (experimental group) and stabilization exercise (control group) were received twice a week for 6 weeks Participants were assessed at baseline and post-intervention for pain intensity (numeric pain rating scale), function (Aberdeen low back pain scale, flexibility,and strength), and depression (Beck depression inventory). Results: When the experimental group (Yoga) and control group (stabilization exercise) were performed twice a week for 6 weeks, numeric pain rating scale, Aberdeen low back pain scale, and flexibility in post-intervention showed significant improvement in both groups (P<0.05), However, in all variables, the experimental group showed a positive benefit compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study show that yoga has more positive benefits compared to stabilization exercise in pain intensity, function, and depression in individuals with NSLBP.