• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.139-151
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• 2023

This study aims to understand the current status of exemptions for traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles and to provide suggestions for improvement. A survey was conducted on 3,500 firefighters to investigate the perception of traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles, and responses from 505 participants were analyzed. Based On the demographic characteristics and perception of the participants, frequency analysis and variance analysis were used as research methods to analyze basic statistics and the current situation. The results showed that firefighters have concerns and anxieties about traffic accidents during the return of emergency vehicles, and the need for applying exemptions and enacting explicit legal provisions was statistically confirmed. Based on these results, we suggest a policy for exemptions to improve the preparation for re-deployment and to alleviate the concerns and anxieties of firefighters.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.93-113
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine the changes in the local fiscal structure brought about by the change in the transaction tax, including the acquisition tax, by the central government. The review of the analysis results proved the following. First, the government's transaction tax exemption policy effectively influenced the expansion of the local fiscal budget. Transaction tax exemptions such as acquisition tax exemptions would not contribute to the expansion of the local fiscal budget in the short run, but may do so in the long run. Second, the review of the effect of the transaction tax exemption policy by the central government on the local fiscal structure confirmed that its impact on the local fiscal structure may vary depending on the timing of such tax exemption. Third, the overall local fiscal structure as a result of the transaction tax exemption by the central government was confirmed to have been influenced more by the fiscal capability of the local government than by the income level of the local residents. In conclusion, the stimulation of real estate transactions using tax tools may positively influence the overall fiscal structure of local governments, but it would also put pressure on the fiscal management of local governments because it is largely influenced by the fiscal capability of the local governments.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제20권
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• pp.241-265
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine the customs clearance impediment and trade parties breaches of international sales contract by the impediment. Customs clearance impediment arises when (a)clearance is not permitted, (b) importation goods are confiscated, (c)clearance delay without expectation, and (d) additional excessive trade cost caused in the process of clearance. This kind of clearance impediment may cause the breach of international sales contract. And it depends on its contents of contract and causal sequence i.e. cause and effect respectively in determining who is liable for it. If one party exemptions by Article 79 CISG, next three elements must be proved. (a)The failure was due to an impediment beyond his control; (b)the impediment was reasonably unforeseeable at the time of the conclusion of the contract, and (c)the impediment was reasonably impossible to overcome. But the customs clearance impediment is not easy to prove these three elements, the party who is responsible the customs clearance may not be exemptions by Article 79 CISG. And, according to review, it is concluded that the buyer, rather than seller, is liable for the damage which is caused in the process of clearance. It is also confirmed that the seller is sometimes liable for depending on clauses of contracts i.e. quality conditions.

• 전자통신동향분석
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• 제15권6호통권66호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2000

GATS의 MFN 원칙은 다자간 협정의 기본초석으로서 협정전체에 적용되기 때문에 양허표에 기재되지 않은 분야라 하더라도 한 국가에게 부여한 대우는 그보다 불리하지 않게 즉시 그리고 무조건적으로 모든 다른 회원국에게 부여해야 한다는 원칙을 가지고 있다. 그러나 이러한 원칙을 모든 나라에게 일률적으로 적용하는 데 현실적으로 어려움이 있다. 따라서 각국별로 MFN 적용이 곤란한 사항에 대하여는 그 내용과 사유, MFN 적용면제기간 등을 기재한 목록을 제출하여 MFN 면제를 인정받게 되었다. 그러나 이러한 GATS MFN 면제규정은 일반적 의무로서 MFN 원칙의 가치를 상당히 침해하였고, 현재 많은 국가가 MFN 면제신청을 하므로써 GATS가 처음 의도한 MFN과 상당한 괴리를 보이게 되었다. 따라서 본 고에서는 GATS의 MFN에 관하여 살펴보고, MFN 면제의 문제점 및 정책적 시사점을 모색해 보았다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.346-349
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• 2019

제조물 책임은 자동차 산업에서 매우 중요한 규제 요소로 작용하고 있으며, 이에 대한 면책 수단으로 제정된 것이 ISO 26262 국제 표준이다. 자율주행자동차에서는 제조물 책임의 중요성이 더욱 높아지기 때문에 추가로 ISO/PAS 21448이 제정되었으나, 이 역시 주로 센싱 단계에만 적용이 가능하기 때문에 제조물 책임을 어느 정도 면책시킬 수 있으나 완전한 면책은 어렵다. 이에 따라 자율주행자동차의 상용화를 위해서는 완전한 면책수단으로서 새로운 국제 표준이 개발될 때까지 한시적으로 법체계의 개선이 반드시 필요하다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.245-252
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• 2016

본 연구는 우리나라 주요 국제항에 입항하는 일본기원의 선박을 대상으로 선박평형수내 환경 및 부유생물의 특성을 파악하여 선박평형수 처리장치(BWTS) 면제 협상을 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 조사된 22척의 선박 중 평형수의 보관 기간은 큐슈와 세토 내만(지역 "A")에서 평균 $3.33{\pm}1.87days$로 가장 짧았다. 총부유물질의 농도는 $4.60{\sim}60.9mg\;L^{-1}$의 범위를 보였고, 용존성 및 입자성 유기물질은 각각 $0.97{\sim}2.69mg\;L^{-1}$, $0.24{\sim}4.51mg\;L^{-1}$의 범위를 나타내었다. 영양염 농도는 동경만을 포함한 지역 "C"에서 높았고, 지역 "A"에서 낮은 평균값을 보였다. 엽록소-a 평균 농도는 $0.40{\pm}0.56{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$로 나타났고, $1{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ 이상의 높은 값은 지리적으로 우리나라와 가까운 지역 "A"로 집중되었다. 식물플랑크톤의 개체수가 > $50,000cells\;L^{-1}$의 선박평형수는 22척 중 4척으로 나타났고, 이 중 3척이 지역 "A" 기원으로 파악되었다. 특히, Tokyuyama 만에서는 유해유독미세조류로 잘 알려진 와편모그룹의 종이 높은 밀도로 관찰되었다. 본 연구 결과, 일본과의 BWTS 면제권 협상은 신중하게 접근할 필요성이 있다고 판단된다.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.18-29
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• 2011

Biofuls are considered as an option to reduce greenhouse gases emission, increase energy supply diversity and security of supply, as well as an opportunity for job creation and rural development. First of all, biofuls technologies have been promoted as a means for reducing the carbon intensity of the transport sector. Hence, in the last decade biofuels production has been driven by governmental policies. The key instruments widely adopted to foster production and increase consumption have been mandatory blending targets, tax exemptions and sibsidies. As one of the most powerful instruments, biofuel mandates require fuel producers to produce a pre-defined amount (or share) of biofuels and blend them with petroleum fuel. National biofuels mandates are in place 35 countries and partially in place in 6 countries. In this study, we reviewed status of global biofuels policies to reduce greenhouse gases in the European Union, United States and other countires worldwide. Especially, we discussed representative biofuels mandates policies same as Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS, US), Renewable Transport Fules Obligation (RTFO, UK) in transport sector.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.35-54
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• 2010

This article explored the bank's responsibilities in electronic payment system between Korea and U.S.A. In order to complete my research object, I used Article 4A of the U.C.C. and EFTA of 1978 and by Electronic Financial Transaction Act of Korea as a analytic instruments. I also adapted America's various regulations to regulate concerned parties(banks). The system of this article is going to display as fellows; First, I presented recent trend and legal stabilities of electronic payment in this article. Second, I focuses on the allocation of risk of loss caused by ambiguous term in payment orders that do not express the subjective intention of the senders. I also did analyze the solution procession of error occurring in course of send of payment order. Third, In any action which involves a customers's liability for an unauthorized electronic fund transfer, the burden of proof is upon the financial institution to show that the electronic fund transfer was authorized. Forth, Customers have to report the error and unauthorized electronic fund transfer after awaring of it. Then bank will be liable for such a unauthorized electronic fund transfer. But If customer's failure to report, the bank has exemptions. Lastly, In order to prevent or detect the unauthorized electronic fund transfer, bank will agree with custom to establish a commercially reasonable security procedure, while bank has duties to notify in order to decrease the loss resulted from unauthorized payment order in korea law.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제67권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2018

A considerable cost gap between three major power generation technologies, namely nuclear, coal, and combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT), has been a well-established fact in the Korean electricity market. Alternatively, this paper analyzes the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) of the three technologies reflecting overall social costs of electricity generation including accident risk, $CO_2$ emission, and air pollution damage. The paper unveils to what extent current discriminative subsidies on fuels regarding the social costs, mostly through tax exemptions, affect economic competitiveness of the technologies. In particular, it finds relative positions of coal and CCGT could be altered depending on appreciation level of the social costs. It has limits in analyzing fixed costs of the technologies, however, due to limited data availability of nuclear power, and suggests further studies on the issue.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.519-544
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• 2011

Clauses on national treatment in the bilateral investment treaties including FTA state that, the foreign investor and his investments are 'accorded treatment no less favourable than that which the host state accords to its own investors'. Hence the purpose of the clause is to oblige a host state to make no negative differentiation between foreign and national investors when enacting and applying its rules and regulations and thus to promote the position of the foreign investor to the level accorded to nationals. As a matter of legal drafting technique, while the basic clause is generally the same, the practical implications differ due to more or less wide-ranging exemptions of certain business sectors. It is generally agreed that the application of the clause is fact-specific. This paper deals with problems in drafting clauses on national treatment in practice, introduces several considerations to adjust the level of national treatment, so it can be made more represents the interest of our country.