• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.29-31
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• 1973

Upon the assumption that the available components in the soil evaluated by present analytical procedures, are as effective as the components applied to the soil as fertilizer, some formulas for the calculation of fertilizer requirements (F. R) for crops are suggested. Basically, the formulas are derived by combining the country average values of soil test data(${\overline{ST}}$) and of the optimum rate of fertilizers (ORF) for crops obtained from N.P.K. trials in farmer's field, as following. $$F.R(kg/10a)={\overline{ST}}(kg/10a)+ORFkg/10a-ST(kg/10a)$$ where, ST denotes the available components tested in the soil under question. Although this formula can be used both for P and K fertilizers, considering the significance of the potassium saturation rate of the soil for the availability of K, for the calculation of K fertilizer requirement, following formula is suggested. $$F.R(kg/10a)=(C.E.C.{\times}B.S.R.K.-KST(me/100g){\times}CF$$ where, B. S. R. K. is the basic potassium saturation rate of the soil and CF is conversion factor for the conversion of K me/100g into $K_2O$ kg/10a. The B. S. R. K. for different crops are obtained from the country average values of soil exchangeable K (${\overline{KST}}$), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the optimum rates of K fertilizers for crops (ORF $K_2O$). $$B.S.R.K.=\frac{{\overline{KST}}{\times}CF+ORF(K_2O)}{CEC{\times}CF}$$ Using these formulas, equations for P and K fertilizer requirements for rice, barley, wheat, corn, italian millet, soy bean, sweet potato, potato and rape are derived.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경농학회 2011년도 30주년 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
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• pp.177-187
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine some physical and chemical properties of the soil and their relationship to spectroscopic-based (visible range) analytical methods while evaluating soil organic matter fractions and soil quality in degraded and non-degraded soils in a wide range of environments. Soil samples were collected from the different landscape positions of cultivated and noncultivated soils, and the latter from the same landscape positions but with different vegetation, at Songco, Lantapan, Bukidnon. The physical and chemical properties of the soils were determined at the SPAL, CMU, Musuan, Bukidnon while the metagenomic properties were determined at the Laboratory of the University of Missourri, Missourri, USA. Bulk density and air dry soil strength values of the soils from the cultivated areas were generally higher than those of the uncultivated areas. Also, soils at the summit generally had lower bulk density and soil strength values than the other landscape positions. Moreover, soils planted to camote (Ipomoea batatas) had higher bulk density and soil strength values compared to soils grown to pepper under the trees. Exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils were generally higher in uncultivated areas than those of the cultivated areas. A similar trend was observed for the potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$)-oxidizable organic C contents determined by spectroscopic method and the total C contents determined by the Walkley-Black method. The $KMnO_4$-oxidizable organic C contents determined by spectroscopic method and the total C contents determined by the Walkley-Black method were closely related ($r=0.631^{**}$). Hence, the former method shows promise in assessing soil quality as it is a rapid test, relatively low cost and can be distributed as a field kit either with a portable spectrometer or with a color chart.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.773-778
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• 2011

Long-term continuous application of livestock by-products to agricultural land may adversely affect the soil characteristics and the crop yield. Five year term study from 2007 was carried out to assess the effects of repeated application of low-concentration swine slurry on soil chemical properties including phosphate and heavy metal contents and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in a greenhouse. Treatments were conventional chemical fertilizers and three application rates of low-concentration swine slurry (Slurry composting and biofiltration, SCB): 50%, 100%, and 200% of recommended nitrogen fertilization. For swine slurry treatment of 50% nitrogen, deficient nitrogen was supplemented with urea fertilizer. The soil phosphorus and heavy metal contents after five year continuous application of swine slurry were not significantly higher than those of chemical fertilizer use. Repeated application of the swine slurry alone for five years resulted in relatively high soil exchangeable potassium and sodium compared with chemical fertilizer treatment. Contents of heavy metals in leaves of tomato and cucumber did not show significant difference among treatments. Yields of the crops for the swine slurry were not significantly different from that of chemical fertilizer. The results imply that continuous application of the swine slurry may not influence levels of soil phosphate and trace elements in greenhouse soils but could accumulate potassium and sodium in the soil.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 1983

토양(土壤)의 가리공급력(加里供給力)에 따른 시비량(施肥量) 추정(推定)에 활용(活用)하기 위(為)하여 수도(水稻)의 출수기(出穗期) 및 시험전(試実前) 토양(土壤)의 Q/I관계(関係)에서 Potential Buffering Capacity($PBC^K$)와 ${\delta}K$ = 0 일 때의 가리활동도비(加里活動度比) $[K^+/{\sqrt{Ca^{{+}{+}}+Mg^{{+}{+}}}:m/{\ell}]:AR^K_o$, 및 상대가리(相対加里) 활성도비(活性度比) Kas/Kai를 구(求)하고 이들 요인(要因)의 상호관계(相互関係)와 이들 요인과 수도(水稻)의 가리흡수량(加里吸收量) 및 정조수량(正租收量)과의 관계(関係)를 비교(比較) 검토(検討)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 항온처리기간중(恒溫処理其間中)(67일간(日間)) 비치환성가리(非置換性加里)가 치환성가리(置換性加里)로 변화(変化)되는 양(量)이 거의 없었으므로 시험전(試験前) 토양(土壤)의 가리공급력(加里供給力)은 주(主)로 치환성가리(置換性加里)의 함량(含量)에 의(依)하여 지배(支配)된다고 판단(判断)되였다. 2. 시험전(試験前) 토양(土壤)의 Q/I 관계(関係)에서 조사(調査)된 $PBC^K$는 식양토(埴壤土) 0.027, 양토(壤土) 0.014 사양토(砂壤土) 0.009 (${\frac{me/100g}{m/{\ell}}}$)이며 $AR^K_o$는 식양토(埴壤土) $9.1{\times}10^{-3}$ 양토(壤土) $7.6{\times}10^{-3}$ 사양토(砂壤土) $15.4{\times}10^{-3}(m/{\ell})$으로 토성(土性)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있었다. 3. 출수기(出穗期) 토양(土壤)에서 조사(調査)된 가리성분(加里成分)의 완충능(緩衝能), $PBC^K$를 시험전(試験前) 토양(土壤)의 그것과 비교(比較)할때, 토성(土性)과 시비수준(施肥水準)에 관계없이 비교적(比較的) 안정적(安定的)였음으로 가리(加里)의 공급력(供給力)이나 경토(耕土)의 개량가부(改良加否)에 활용(活用)될 수 있을 것으로 판단(判断)되었다. 4. 출수기(出穗期) 토양(土壤)의 $AR^K_o$는 그 값이 가리시용량(加里施用量)에 관계(関係)없이 가리(加里) 무시용시(無施用時) $AR^K_o$값과 일치(一致)하는 경우(境遇)에 가리증시(加里增施)에 따른 벼 증수(增收)가 현저(顕著)하였다. 5. 출수기(出穗期) 토양(土壤)의 Q/I 관계(関係)에서 조사(調査)된 $PBC^K$와 $AR^K_o$는 단독적(単独的)으로 사용(使用)보다 복합적(複合的)으로 사용(使用)할 때 가리흡수량(加里吸收量) 및 정조수량(正租收量) 공(共)히 상관(相関)이 높았다. 6. 시험전(試験前) 토양(土壤)의 Kas/Kai 추정치(推定値)와 출수기(出穗期) 토양(土壤)의 $AR^K_o$과는 높은 상관(相関)을 보여 서로 유사(類似)한 토양(土壤) 화학적(化学的) 요인(要因)으로 판단(判断)되며 가리시비량(加里施肥量) 추정(推定)에 활용(活用)될 수 있는 가능성(可能性)을 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.235-244
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• 1976

1964~1969년간(年間) 농가포장(農家圃場)에서 실시(實施)한 3요소(要素) 및 개량제효과(改良劑效果) 시험중(試驗中)에서 곡간저구릉지(谷間低丘陵地)에 분포(分布)한 식양질(埴壤質)의 논 토양(土壤)인 지산통(芝山統)(배수(排水) 약간 불량(不良))과 용지통(龍池統)(배수(排水) 약간 양호(良好))에 대(對)한 시험결과(試驗結果)를 비교분석(比較分析)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 평균(平均) 정조수량에서 무비구(無肥區)와 시비구중(施肥區中) 최고(最高) 수량(收量)은 각각(各各) 용지통(龍池統) 319, 507kg/10a이고 지산통(芝山統) 396, 567kg/10a이었다. 두 토양간(土壤間)의 현저한 생산력차이(生産力差異)는 지산통(芝山統)이 개답년대(開畓年大)가 긴 숙답(熟畓)인 반면(反面) 용지통(龍池統)은 반숙답(半熟畓)이라는 점(點)에 연유(然由)된 것이라고 보았다. 2. 표토(表土)의 평균(平均) 화학적(化學的) 성질(性質)에 있어서는 지산통(芝山統)은 CEC 12.8m.e, Exch. Ca 6.5m.e, OM3.9%이고 용지통(龍池統)은 CEC 10.4m.e, Exch. Ca 4.7m.e, OM 3.2% 이었고 유효(有效) $P_2O_5$ 함량(含量)은 전자(前者)가 64, 후자(後者)가 103ppm이었다. 3. 용지통(龍池統) 및 일부(一部) 비옥도(肥沃度)가 낮은 지산통(芝山統)에 속(屬)하는 답토양(畓土壤)들의 지력증진(地力增進)을 위하여 심경(深耕)과 유기물(有機物) 및 석회(石灰)와 고토(苦土) 시용(施用)이 유효(有效)할 것으로 보았다. 4. 질소반응(窒素反應)에서는 일반적(一般的)으로 지산통(芝山統)은 다질소수준(多窒素水準)에서도 수량증감폭(收量增減幅)이 적어서 비교적(比較的) 다비안전성(多肥安全性)인 반면(反面) 용지통(龍池統)은 동질소하(冬窒素下)에서 급격히 수량감소(收量減少)가 크다. 그러나 두 토양(土壤) 공(共)히 유기물함량(有機物含量) 3% 이하(以下)의 토양(土壤)들은 다질소수준(多窒素水準)에서 수량감소(收量減少)가 컸으며 3% 이상(以上)의 토양(土壤)은 다비(多肥)에 안전(安全)한 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 5. 일반품종(一般品種)에 대(對)한 질소적량(窒素適量)은 지산통(芝山統)에서 8~9kg/10a, 용지통(龍池統)에서 10~11kg/10a이었으며 질소(窒素) 1kg의 생산능률(生産能率)은 지산통(芝山統) 12kg 용지통(龍池統) 13㎏정도이었다. 6. 인산효과(燐酸效果)는 질소시비수준(窒素施肥水準)에 따라 다르나 각(各) 토양(土壤)의 질소적량수준선(窒素適量水準線)에서 인산적량(燐酸適量)은 용지통(龍池統) 6kg, 지산통(芝山統) 3kg이었다. 지산통(芝山統)의 유효인산함량(有效燐酸含量)(64ppm)이 낮음에도 불구하고 인산적량(燐酸適量)이 용지통(龍池統)(110ppm) 보다도 낮은 이유(理由)는 재배기간중(栽培期間中) 토양환원(土壤還元)의 발달(發達)이 용지통(龍池統) 보다도 심(甚)하여 토양인산(土壤燐酸)의 유효화율(有效化率)이 크기 때문이라고 생각되었다. 7. 가리비효(加里肥效)도 질소수준(窒素水準)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있었다. 용지통(龍池統)에서는 N 8kg/10a 수준(水準)에서 가리시비량(加里施肥量)들이 증가할수록 현저(顯著)히 감수(減收)되었고 다질소수준(多窒素水準)일수록 가리(加里) 비효(肥效)가 컸으며 지산통(芝山統)에서는 어느 질소수준(窒素水準)에서나 가리비효(加里肥效)가 나타났다. 각(各) 토양(土壤)의 적량(適量) 질소수준(窒素水準)에서 가리적량(加里適量)은 각각(各各) 8kg 정도이었다. 8. 3 요소(要素)의 시비량화율(施肥量比率)은 N:$P_2O_5$:K를 용지통(龍池統)에서는 1(11kg/10a):0.6:0.6, 그리고 지산통(芝山統)에서는 1 (8kg/10a):0.4:1이 좋은 것으로 보았다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.203-207
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• 1984

This report is an investigation of the revegetation and secondary succession in the burned area of Mt. Sanseung in Taegu region. The forest fire took place in December, 1977. The survey was conducted eight times, -three times from October 1, 1983 to October 3, the same year and five times from August 10, 1984 to August 15, the same year. The floristic compositions in the sampled sites constituted 25 kinds of vascular plants and 21 kinds in the burned area and the unburned area respectively. The biological type in both the burned and unburned areas was H-D1-R5-e type, which is generally common to other areas (Taegu, Kyungpook, Chung Buk and Kangweon areas). In the burned area dominant species were Carex humilisvar. nana, Arundinella hirata and Quercus serrata and on the other hand, in the unburned area Pinus densiflora, Carex humilis var. nana, Rhododendron mucrfonulatum var. ciliatum and Quercus serrata. The species diversity diversity index(H) and eveness index(e) of the burned area were higher than those unburned area. Degree of succession (DS) was 650 in the burned area at the 6th years after the fires and 962 in the unburned area. THe vegetation of the burned area was slowly recovered as of 1984 compared with each other. According to the analysis of the soil preperties, pH, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium were increased, but organic matter, total nitrogen and total organic carbon were decreased. It is assumed that these results were due to the forest fire.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.27-30
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• 2016

Background : This text was conducted to evaluate the distribution, shape characteristics and habitat condition of Crypsinus hastatus in Buyeo Korea. Methods and Results : In Buyeo, Crypsinus hastatus was distributed at an altitude of 31.2 m, a slope of 82.5% and a distance from river water of 27.2 m. The leaf blade was oblong, 2.7 cm long, 1.2 cm wide with a petiole length of 2.3 cm. The total population comprised 2,100 individuals, with the highest proportion being individuals with a leaf blade of length 0.5 - 1 cm. The temperature and light intensity of the growth point were lower, but the humidity higher, than that of growth around. The chemical properties of the soil were as follows: pH 4.42, organic matter 77.99 g/kg, electrical conductivity 0.50 dS/m, nitrate nitrogen 20.50 mg/kg and available phosphate 165.7 mg/kg. Exchangeable cation content of potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium was 0.35, 0.70, 0.09 and $2.04cmol^+/kg$, respectively. Conclusions : In Buyeo, Crypsinus hastatus was distributed in $5.3m^2$ area of Nakhwaam, Naeseongri and Jeongamri. However, the population of the medicinal resources seemed to decrease owing to the poor environmental conditions of the habitat.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2011

The characteristics of absorption and accumulation of inorganic germanium in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer were examined. In 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content of the field soil increased with increased amounts and frequencies of inorganic germanium application, while chemical components of the soil, such as available phosphate and exchangeable calcium, potassium, and magnesium, decreased with the increased inorganic germanium application. In the 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content was highest in the rhizome and increased in the order of stem, leaf, lateral root, and main root, suggesting that inorganic germanium was absorbed from the root and translocated to the stem and leaf via the rhizome. As for changes in ginsenosides in 4-year-old P. ginseng rhizomes, the contents of ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf decreased as the germanium content in soil increased. Ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Re, and Rf in the main root also decreased with increasing germanium content in the main root. The results suggest that inorganic germanium treatment may increase organic germanium in harvested P. ginseng, thus enhancing the medicinal effi cacy of ginseng products.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.285-295
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• 1989

This report is results of an investigation on the secondary succession and species diversity of the burned area. Fifty hectares of pine forest was burned by the crown fire of the spring (April 6) 1986. The results obtained from spring 1989 were summarized as follows: In the burned area , site and unburned area (U), the vascular plant fo 69 kinds, 49 kinds and 24 kinds were lsted respectively. The life form spectrum of burned area was H---e type, which is common type in most burned area and that unburned area, H---e type. The species diversity (H)and evenness index (e) of burned area (, site) were H=2.51, 1.65 and e=0.59, 0.44 and those of unburned area (U) were H=1.28 and e=0.40. The similarity index was the value of 0.594 in - and 0.236 in -U site. The similarity between and site was greater than between site and U site, and that between and U-site, The dominance index (c) of , and U-site was 0.16, 0.39 and 0.42 respectively. The succession degree (DS) of , and U-site was 244.0, 227.6 and 854.4 respectively. Soil pH, available phosphorous, and exchangeable potassium in the burned area were higher than those in the unburned area, and total nitrogen, organic carbon, and C/N ratio in the burned area were higher than those in the unburned area, and organic matter in the burned area was higher than that in the unburned area.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.348-353
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• 2008

토양에서 인산가용화 미생물의 역할을 탐색하기 위해, 밭과 시설재배 토양에 서식하는 인산가용화 미생물의 특성을 조사하였다. 노지 밭 토양에 비해 시설재배지 토양에서 EC가 높았으며, 토양 pH, 유기물, 유효인산, 치환성 양이온 및 총 인도 시설재배지에서 비교적 높은 경향이었다. 인산가용화 세균의 수는 시설재배지 토양이 밭 토양보다 높았으나, 인산가용화 세균의 종류는 밭 토양에 많았다. 인산가용화 세균의 밀도와 인산가용화능 간에 정의 상관이 있었다. 밭 토양에서는 Bacillus, Cedecea, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus Pseudomonas, Serratia속 등이 시설재배지 토양에서는 Bacillus, Cellulomonas 속 등의 인산가용화 세균이 분리되었다.