• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2017

Purpose: Excess sodium intake may contribute to the etiology of hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily sodium intake of less than 2 g. The aim of this study was to estimate the association of sodium intake with obesity in Korean adults. Methods: This study used Dietary intake and Health data on 22,321 subjects aged 30 years and over from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010~2014. Information on dietary intake was obtained by the one day 24-hour recall method in KNHANES, and sodium intake was classified into five groups (< 2,000 mg, 2,000~4,000 mg, 4,000~6,000 mg, 6,000~8,000 mg, ${\geq}8,000mg$). Obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) higher than $25kg/m^2$. Intake of sodium and obesity status were analyzed by logistic regression with SPSS Statistics 23. Results: Men tended to have a higher sodium intake than women (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, year, daily energy intake, education level, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, and chronic diseases and comparing the highest sodium intake group (${\geq}8,000mg$) with the lowest intake group (< 2,000 mg), the OR of obesity was 1.351 (95% CI: 1.032~1.767) in men. The OR of obesity in the sodium intake group (4,000~6,000 mg) was 1.232 (95% CI: 1.063~1.427) in women. Conclusion: Our findings suggest an independent relationship between sodium intake and as increased risk of obesity in Korean adults, implying the necessity for future research on low-sodium diet intervention in relation to obesity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate distribution and behavior characteristics of heavy metals for tidal flat sediments in the Saemankeum area. The value of heavy metal contents in the tidal flat sediments were higher than that surveyed in 1994, but showing that it's lower when compared with the value of Shiwha lake. Enrichment factors in the tidal flat sediments showed below 1 except for Pb and Zn. Metal excesses was appeared that Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn lacked and Pb, Zn were high. The correlation analysis between heavy metals and organic matters was found high positive relationship (r=0.424$\~$0.839), especially correlation coefficient between ignition loss and oxide Al, Fe, Mn showed high positive relationship above 0.7. The correlation analysis between Brain size and hear metals was found that as grain size was small, heavy metals contents were increased. Correlation coefficient between silt and heavy metals except for Cu, Pb showed high positive relationship as 0.552$\~$0.732.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.134-145
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• 2001

Introduction: Noises in the ear, whether real or imagined, are called tinnitus. Subjective causes of tinnitus(which is heard only by the patient) are extremely common and the majority of them are treated conservatively. For certain individuals their tinnitus is a major handicap; for others a trivial concern. The most common from of subjective tinnitus is a rushing, hissing or buzzing noise; it is frequently associated with sensorineural heanng loss. The patient may be unaware of the hearing loss, especially if it is a high frequency deficit of moderate severity. The character of the tinnitus may give a clue to the etiology. But the patient often has difficulty in explaining his/her tinnitus in absolute terms, as they have no other tinnitus with which to compare it but their own Tinnitus, like pain, is a subjective state and trying to objectively assess the severity is problematic. Audiological techniques to match subjective loudness to machine-produced noise may offer some help, in that sound intensity matches can bear little correspondence to subjective complaint. In spite of many studies, most patients presently seen complaining of tinnitus are told by their doctors that there is no treatment and that they will have to learn to live with this symptom. Objectives: To perform a clinical analysis of tinnitus and estimate the efficacy of Oriental Medical treatment according to the Byeonjeung(辨證). Subject: We studied 34 patients with complaints of tinnitus who had visited Pundang Cha Oriental Medicine Hospital Department of Otorhinolaryngology from March 1998 to February 2000. All of them had been treated 2 or 3 times a week with acupuncture treatment and had taken herbs according to the Byeonjeung(辨證) method. It was therefore possible for me to know whether their symptoms improved or not. Parameters Observed and Method: We treated them with acupuncture & herb-medication. Sometimes we gave them moxibustion or negative therapy with bloodletting at the acupuncture points(耳門, 聽宮, 聽會). Parameters Observed 1) Distribution of age & sex 2) Chief complaints 3) The sites of tinnitus 4) The quality of tinnitu 5) The duration of disease 6) The problem induced tinnitus 7) Factors increasing disease severity 8) The classification of the Byeonjeung(辨證) 9) The efficacy of treatments Results: 1. Age and sex distribution: The most common occurrence was found in males in their twenties: 6 males($17.7\%$), and in females in their thirties and over sixty: 8 females($23.5\%$). Total patient numbers for men and women were 20 men($58.8\%$), 14 women ($41.2\%$). 2. The most frequent major complaints were hearing disturbances related to tinnitus; and dizziness with tinnitus; each comprising 10 cases($29.4\%$). There were also 7 patients($20.6\%$) with only tinnitus. 3. Tinnitus sites: 13($38.2\%$) said that they felt tinnitus in both ears, equally. In the right ear, 9($26.5\%$), in the left, 6($17.7\%$). 4. The most frequent descriptive symptoms of tinnitus were: humming, hissing, buzzing etc. 5. The duration of disease. 14cases($41.2\%$) had a duration of less than 1 year. 6. 15cases($44.1\%$) complained that it was hard to watch TV or make a phone call because of tinnitus. 10 cases($29.4\%$) complained about depression. 7. Factors increasing severity of tinnitus: ⅰ) fatigue: 18cases($52.9\%$) ⅱ) stress/ tension: 10 cases($29.4\%$) ⅲ) alcohol and tobacco: 5cases($l4.7\%$) 8. Classification through Byeonjeung : ⅰ) 19 cases($55.9\%$) were classified as showing Deficiency syndrome. ⅱ) 15 cases($44.l\%$) were classified as showing Excess syndrome. The deficiency of Qi was 7($20.6\%$), deficiency of Xue, 8($23.5\%$) and insufficiency of the Kidney Yin & Yang, 4($11.8\%$). The flare of Liver fire was 8($23.5\%$) and phlegm-fire, 7($20.6\%$), 9. The efficacy of treatments showed: an improvement in 17cases($50.0\%$); no real improvement or changes in 13 cases($38.2\%$); and some worsening in 4 cases($11.8\%$). In the group with deficiency in Qi, 4($57.1\%$) improved, 1($14.3\%$) showed no change and 2($28.6\%$) were aggravated. In the cases of deficiency in Xue, 6($75.0\%$) improved, 2($25.0\%$) showed no change. In the cases of insufficiency of Kidney Yin & Yang, 3($75.0\%$) showed no change and 1($25.0\%$) were aggravated. In the group of flare of Liver fire, 4($50.0\%$) improved, 3($37.5\%$) no change and 1($12.5\%$) were aggravated. In the cases of phlegm-fire, 3($42.9\%$) improved, 4($57.1\%$) showed no change. Conclusion: We would recommend that any further studies of tinnitus utilize trial treatments of longer than 2 months duration, as any positive effects observed in our study showed that improvement occurred fairly slowly. And we suggest that this study could be utilized as a reference for clinical Oriental Medical treatment of tinnitus. If we try to apply music or sound therapy treatment properly combined with ours, we expect it to provide psycological stability in addition to inducing masking effects, even though it may not directly decrease or completely remove tinnitus.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.517-528
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• 2011

Indiscreet developments cause environmental problems in major cities of Seoul Metropolitan Area. Among the environmental problems, the air pollution leads the citizens' physical and economic damages. Therefore, it needs to predict how much air pollutant which is emitted from human activities can be carried by urban environment, then to examine the reasonable level of urban development This study assumed that the air pollution is represented differently by the amount of emission. With the assumption, the acceptable air pollutant emission which keeps the air quality under the environmental standard is estimated, then the proper population is calculated in the case of Gwacheon, Gyeonggi. The result is as follow: First, air pollution concentrations of CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$ which are estimated by using IDW interpolation of GIS don't excess the air environmental standard. Second, the result of correlation analysis between air pollutant emission and air pollution concentration shows that CO and $NO_2$ has high correlationship with total source of pollution and linear source of pollution, and $SO_2$ with linear source of pollution. Third, the results of regression analysis show that the acceptable population is bigger that the real population in the case of CO, and with the estimation of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$, the current population in the urban center and boundaries where the residential and commerce land uses are concentrated is bigger than the acceptable population. The consequence of this study is that the estimation of carrying capacity can suggest the acceptable human activities which keep the air quality under the environmental standard. This can leads the sustainable urban development by control the human activities under the carrying capacity of urban environment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 1970

In an effort to determine the bio-synthesis in the soybean as investigate to the variance of each substance: Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid and its amides during the growth of younger soybean plants. 1. The variance-curve of Gultamic acid and Aspartic acid as the acidic amino acids in the cotyledons was appeared the peak the first half period at Glutamic acid and the latter half at Aspartic acid in the growth of soybeans, and was received the symmetrical impression centering around the stage of adult leaf-development. But, in the embryonic organ, it appears the peak at both part, in the developmental stage of adult leaf and also appears near phenomena of increase and decrease in the variation-curve of metabolites. 2. It's amides-Gultamine and Asparagine-appears the peak at the developmental stage of adult leaf in the both cotyledons and embryonic organ, and rapid increase in the cotyledons were very impressed compare with the decrease at fallen stage of cotyledons in the embryonic organs. 3. In the relation of variance at Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid, both substance were discovered the fact of translocation from cotyledon to embryonic organ, and Glutamic acid could supposed that bear the charges of outrider substance in other amino acid as the Glutamic acid-self and major basic function for receiving the ammonia as the nitrogen contain constituent of plant. In the case of Glutamine, formation-mechanism of ammonia which develops due to its hydrolysis in the latter period of soybean growth, suggested that was forfeit its function till instance of fallen cotyledons. 4. In the relation the Aspartie acid and Asparagine, Aspartic acid which begins to decrease from seed-state was supposed that bear sufficiently the charge of outrider substance in the formation of Asparagine other than translocated to embryonic organ from cotyledon. And, formation-theory of Aspartic acid which suppose as formational substance from Kreb's cycle were recognized from latter period of soybean growth, and then, rapid accumulation of Asparagine's amounts were supposed that adapt to two theory: Theory which consider to transformation as Asparagine state for pressing to less than noxious weight the concentration of ammonia developing from the cells, and was formate and accumulate as ammonia or carbohydrates containing excess in the cotyledons.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1970

The effect of wollastonite and manganese dioxide on the growth of rice on an acid sulfate soil were investigated in pot experiment. 1. Since aluminum content in the leachate of soil was reduced with increasing the pH and these chemical changes in the leachate were more pronounced by applying wollastonite, aluminum toxicity in flooded paddy rice was overcome by applying wollastonite, or flooding. 2. Poor growth of rice with iron toxicity-like symptoms on the untreated acid sulfate soil may be caused by excess iron and sulfur. Plants applied wollastonite, however, grew normally and did not show any symptoms. Iron and sulfur contents in the plant was reduced by applying wollastonite. 3. Because of the iron content in the both leachate and plant can be lowered by applying wollastonite, iron-toxicity was averted by applying the wollastonite. 4. Application of manganese dioxide in combination with wollastonite did not counteracted iron content in the plant as compared with the wollastonite treatment. 5. The application of wollastonite increased the dry weight of straw and grain yield. Manganese dioxide with wollastonite caused the increase of number of spickelets per panicles and ripened grains as compared with wollastonite. 6. From these results it can be concluded that the major cause of the poor growth of rice on acid sulfate soil is iron toxicity and the Fe-toxicity can be reduced by application of wollastonite.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 1973

Leaf discoloration of IR667 lines (tropical) and leading locals (temperate) in fields was classified according to the probable causes and nutritional disorder due to soil reduction in 1972 was investigated. 1. The causes of leaf discoloration in IR667 were low air temperature, soil reduction, seed born, insect bite, nitrogen depression, overdose pesticide, strong wind, early senescence and unknown one. 2. Leaf discoloration due to soil reduction which has been called Sageumbyeong by famers, was caused by the heavy application of $Ca(OH)_2$, compost and poor drainage followed by Zn and K deficiency and Fe toxicity. 3. About 30 days after transplanting deficiency concentration of K and Zn in leaf blade appears to be less than 2.0% and 20ppm respectively, and greater than 200ppm, 500ppm, and 1.0% respectively for toxicity or excess of Fe, Mn and Ca. and in the shoot 2.4% for K, 30ppm for Zn and 800ppm for Fe. The value of K/Ca should be greaterthan 2.0 for health. 4. When plants were damaged by soil reduction the contents of N, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Na in shoot were increased and those of K, Zn, Si were decreased. 5. IR667 lines show in shoot higher content of N, P, Ca, Mg, Si, Na, and lower content K, Zn, Fe, Mn and lower root activity than local leading varietles in either healthy or disieased case, indicating IR667 lines are likely more suseptible to soil reduction damage. 6. Normal soil was less than 6.5 of pH and greater than -50 mv of Eh, but pH of problem soil was ranged from 6.7 to 7.4 and Eh from -100 to -190. 7. The root activity (${\alpha}$-naphthylamine oxidation) decreased at early stage of soil redudtion damage, then increased with severity and at the end it decreased again, but IR667 lines showed always lower root activity than local ones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.101-114
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• 2001

Transportation enterprises should maintain constant and qualitative operation. Thus, in short period, transportation enterprises don't change supply in accordance with demand. In the result, transportation enterprises don't reduce operation in spite of management deficit at will. In freight transportation type, less-than-truckload(LTL) has more relation with above transportation feature than truckload(TL) does. Because freight transportation supply of TL is more flexible than that of LTL in correspondence of freight transportation demand. Relating to above mention, it appears that shortage of road and freight terminal of LTL is larger than that of TL. Especially in road and freight terminal comparison, shortage of freight terminal is larger than that of road. Shortage of road is the largest in 1990, and improved after-ward. But shortage of freight terminal is serious lately. So freight terminal needs more expansion than road, and shows better investment condition than road. Freight terminal expansion brings road expansion in LTL, on the contrary, freight terminal expansion substitutes freight terminal for road in TL. In transportation revenue, freight terminal's contribution to LTL is larger than that to TL. However, when we adjust quasi-fixed factor - road and freight terminal - to optimal level in the long run, in TL, diseconomies of scale becomes large, but in LTL, economies of scale becomes large. Consequently, it is necessary for TL to make counterplans to activate management of small size enterprises and owner drivers. And LTL should make use of economies of scale by solving the problem, such as nonprofit route, excess of rental freight handling of office, insufficiency of freight terminal, shortage of driver, and unpreparedness of freight insurance.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 1991

Three crystal structures of dehydrated $Ag^+$-and $Ca^{2+}$- exchanged zeolite $A(Ag_4Ca_4-A,\;Ag_^Ca_3-A,\;and\;Ag_8Ca_2-A)$ treated at 250${\circ}C$ with 0.1 Torr of Rb vapor have been determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3m at 21(1)${\circ}C$ (a=12,271(1)${\AA}$, 12.255(1)${\AA}$, and 12.339(1)${\AA}$, respectively). Their structures were refined to the final error indices. R(weighted) of 0.072 with 130 reflections, 0.050 with 110 reflections, and 0.083 with 86 reflections, respectively, for which $I>3{\rho}(I)$. In each structure, Rb species are found at three different crystallographic sites:3$Rb^+$+ions per unit cell are located at 8-ring centers, ca. 5.6 to 6.4 $Rb^+$ ions are found opposite 6-rings on threefold axes in the large cavity, and ca. 2.5 to 3.0 $Rb^+$ ions are found on threefold axes in the sodalite unit. Also, Ag species are found at two different crystallographic stites: ca. 0.7 to 2.1 $Ag^+$ lie opposite 4-rings and ca. 2.2 to 4.8 Ag atoms are located near the center of the large cavity. In these structures, the numbers of Ag atoms per unit cell are 2.2, 2.4, and 4.8, respectively, and these may form hexasilver clusters at the centers of the large cavities. The $Rb^+$ ions, by blocking 8-rings, may have prevented silver from migrating out of the structure. Each hexasilver cluster is stabilized by coordination to up to 13 $Rb^+$ions. An excess absorption of about 0.8 Rb atom per unit cell indicates that the presence of a triangular symmetric $(Rb_3)2^{+}$ cation in sodalite cavity. At least one large-cavity six-ring $Rb^+$ ion must necessarily approach this cluster and may be viewed as a member of it to give $(Rb)_4^{3+}$, $(Rb)_5^{4+}$ or $(Rb)_6^{5+}$.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.265-274
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• 2001

Purpose : Proctitis is one of acute complications encountered when radiotherapy was appled to the pelvis. Radiation-induced proctitis represents similar microscopic findings that are observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the inflammatory process and many data suggest a close relationship between NO production and gastrointestinal inflammation. This study was aimed to establish the optimal radiation dose for radiation-induced proctitis in rat and to find a relationship between radiation proctitis and NO production. Materials and methods : Female Wistar rats, weighing from 150 to 220 g, received various doses(10-30 Gy) of radiation to the rectum. On the 5th and 10th day after irradiation, rectal specimens were evaluated grossly and microscopically. In addition, the degree of NO production by irradiation dose was evaluated by study with NOS expression and nitrite production in the irradiated rectal tissue. To evaluate relationship between radiation proctitis and NO, we administered aminoguanidine, iNOS inhibitor and L-arginine, substrate of NOS to rats from 2 days before to 7 days after the irradiation. Results : There were obvious gross and hostological changes after 17.5 Gy or higher radiation dose but not with 15 Gy or less radiation dose. Twenty Gy or higher dose of radiation caused Grade 4 damage in most of rectal specimens which were more likely to be related to the late complications such as fibrosis, rectal bleeding and rectal obstruction. A single fraction of 17.5 Gy to the rat rectum is considered to be an optimal dose to produce commonly experienced proctitis in the clinic. The result demonstrated that severity of microscopic damage of rectal mucosa from irradiation significantly correlated with iNOS over-expression. However, administration of iNOS inhibitor or substrate of iNOS did not influence the degree of rectal damage. Conclusion : A single fraction of 17.5 Gy irradiation to the rat rectum considered to be an optimal dose for radiation induced proctitis model. These results indicated that an excess production of NO contributes to pathogenesis of radiation-induced proctitis in part but was not the direct cause of rectal damage.