• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.108-119
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives and to explore controllable and uncontrollable factors regarding metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study population of this cross-sectional survey was from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2010 through 2015, including the fifth and sixth population-based studies. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) based on Korean Clinical Practice Guideline for Metabolic Syndrome by the Korean Academy of Family Medicine 2015. Results: Among the 2,498 subjects, 247 subjects had metabolic syndrome and the prevalence was estimated to be 9.9%. The number of subjects who met the criterion of HDL was 936 (36.2%), which was the most prevalent among the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant (p<.05) factors include age, livinghood benefit group, perceived health status, obesity, family history of DM, sleeping time, awareness of stress,leukocyte, and erythrocyte count. The odds ratio of obesity in the BMI ${\geq}25$ group was 12.59 times as high as that of the BMI <25 group (p<.001) for metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives in the survey was not low, and it is necessary to develop and apply comprehensive health habit management programs to improve controllable factors including exercise and food intake.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.364-374
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• 2011

There is a great public concern that higher consumption of eggs may increase the risk of chronic disease due to high levels of cholesterol in eggs. In contrast to this concern, limited studies have examined this relationship, and the study results have been inconsistent. This study was to evaluate the cross-sectional associations between egg consumption, blood markers and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Egg intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome was ascertained using criteria of the NCEP ATP III (2001) and abdominal obesity criteria of the WHO. In 5,548 subjects, 937 subjects were defined as having metabolic syndrome. In linear regression models, subjects reporting one or more egg consumption per day had significantly lower levels of triglyceride, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure, and a higher level of HDL cholesterol, compared to those who rarely consumed eggs (P-trends < 0.05). After adjustments for potential confounding factors, the associations were no longer significant except for total cholesterol, showing higher levels with frequent egg consumption. More frequent intakes of egg (1 egg or more/day) were associated with lower risk of metabolic syndrome in a logistic regression model (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50-0.96), but this association also became insignificant after adjustments for multiple confounding factors (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.71-1.57). In healthy Korean adults, frequent intakes of eggs did not adversely affect the risk of metabolic syndrome. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.3 s.27
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• pp.380-388
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• 1989

To evaluate the costs of the hypertension screening program of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation, the records of the screening examinations were used. The sample size was 49,983 of the 906,554 people insured by the Corporation and was obtained by two-stage stratification random sampling. The alternatives for efficiency of the screening program, which were divided into three categories : modification of the screening test package, application of other hypertension diagnostic criteria, and selective approach of tested groups by age, were evaluated according to the cost per patient detected. The results of this study were as follows In the hypertension screening system, the cost per patient detected was Won 30,883. The most nonsensitive test for hypertension detection was ophthalmoscopy, which was examined during the second stage of screening. If the ophthalmoscope examination was excluded, olny one person was not detected, which was 0.2% of detected persons, and the cost per patient detected decreased to Won 28,098. The most efficient modification of the screening test package was measurement of blood pressure through the first and second stages of screening. The cost per patient detected by this modification was Won 24,408. The application of other diagnostic critera, which were more restricted criteria, increased the cost per patient detected by 3.7%-6.7%. The cost per patient detected were Won 170,582 for persons less than 39 years old, Won 20,032 for persons 40 to 59 years old, and Won 8,675 for persons 60 years old and over. In conclusion, the best alternative suggested with respect to efficiency and practical application excluded the ophthalmoscope examination of second stage screening and restricted the target population to persons greater than 40 years old. The application of this alternative decreased 54.9% of the screening costs and the cost per patient detected was Won 15,222. This study was limited in that measurement of effectivenes was not of the ultimate goal of screening, which is decreasing morbidity and mortality, but was of disease detection as the short-term objective.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.361-368
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• 2022

In this study, the normal group and possible sarcopenia(PS) group were divided by the criteria for sarcopenia diagnostic based on the 7th period data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. An independent t-test and logistic regression was performed for the difference between the two groups. As a result, the PS group was older, and height, weight, and BMI were all lower. The waist circumference was significantly lower in men but significantly higher in women. According to the quality of life by domain, the frequency of impairment in daily activities in exercise capacity was 8.28 fold in men and 15.52 fold in women. In addition, aerobic exercise regularity was 19% and 26% lower in the PS, and strength exercise regularity was practiced was 52% and 43% lower.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.117-142
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to examine the basic principles for the examination of documents in terms of the basic duty to examine the documents, the time allowed to the banks to examine the documents, linkage among the documents, the originality of documents and their issuers, and the rejection formula of documents. Further this author would look at the changes of particular transport document including bill of lading, charter-party bill of lading and so on. From the seller's perspective, the changes of the principles and individual documents under UCP600 are the most important in the sense that they affect the criteria against which the payment is made. The major changes include the omission of the phrase "with reasonable care", in terms of the basic examination principles, substitute the phrase "five banking days following the day of presentation" for the phrase "reasonable time, not to exceed seven banking days following the days of receipt of documents", introduce the new wording about the linkage between the documents tendered, and make clear the meaning of the originality of documents as well as the rejection formula. For transport documents, even though dealing with bill of lading, charter-party bill of lading, transport document covering at least two different modes of transport, freight-forwarder bill of lading and freight collect transport documents, this paper focuses on the "transhipment" of bill of lading and the definition of charter-party bill of lading. Thus, UCP has been changed several times to reflect the new banking customs and practice. It, however, would not answer every questions which users and banks will raise. These questions may be best answered in the particular underlying contract. The UCP are necessary but not a sufficient instrument for the smooth operation of an international trade transaction. The rules are now out: it remains to be seen what the players do with it.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 1996

This study was conducted to establish model between lead and ZPP concentration in blood of workers exposed to lead. Workers employed in secondary smelting manufacturing industry showed $85.1{\mu}g/dl$ of blood lead level, exceeding $60{\mu}g/dl$, the Criteria for Removal defined by Occupational Safety and Health Act of Korea. Average blood lead level of workers in the battery manufacturing industry was $51.3{\mu}g/dl$, locating between $40{\mu}g/dl$ and $60{\mu}g/dl$, the Criteria for Requiring Medical Removal. Blood lead level of in the litharge and radiator manufacturing industry was below $40{\mu}g/dl$, the Criteria Requiring Temporary Medical Removal. Blood lead levels of workers by industry were Significantly different(p<0.05). 50(21 %) showed blood lead levels above $60{\mu}g/dl$, the Criteria for Removal and 66(27.7 %) showed blood lead levels between the Criteria for Requiring Medical Removal, $40-60{\mu}g/dl$. Thus, approximately 50 percent of workers indicated blood lead levels above $40{\mu}g/dl$, the Criteria Requiring Temporary Medical Removal and should receive medical examination and consultation including biological monitoring. Average ZPP level of workers employed in the secondary smelting industry was $186.2{\mu}g/dl$, exceeding above $150{\mu}g/dl$, the Criteria for Removal. Seventy seven of all workers(32.3 %) showed ZPP level above $100-150{\mu}g/dl$, the Criteria for Requiring Medical Removal. The most appropriate model for predicting ZPP in blood was log-linear regression model. Log linear regression models between lead and ZPP concentrations in blood was Log ZPP(${\mu}g/dl$) = -0.2340 + 1.2270 Log Pb-B(${\mu}g/dl$)(standard error of estimate: 0,089, ${\gamma}^2=0.4456$, n=238, P=0.0001), Blood-in-lead explained 44.56 % of the variance in log(ZPP in blood).

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

The purpose of this study consists in introducing and examining the previous river classification systems applicable to the river improvement technique including geomorphological considerations, and developing a new system using the geomorphological criteria which represent the morphology of rivers. A newly developed system uses the channel reach as a classifying unit which is delineated by upstream and downstream tributaries. It adopts three basic geomorphological criteria for classification: 1) valley-floor width index(VI) reflecting the confinement of the channel in the valley, 2) sinuosity(P) which expresses the channel planform, and 3) bed material($d_{50}$). The system is composed of 24 stream types. Concerning every stream type, valley forms, principal bed forms and fluvial processes with disturbance elements are briefly presented. Finally, the applicability of this system to the Chungmi Stream and the Imjin River data in comparison with that of Rosgen system is examined.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.94-101
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• 2012

Design reflects the time and cultural trends and thus can have different symbolic significance and functions depending on the perspective. While this is evident, corporations still insist that designers achieve viewers' complete understanding and satisfaction in their designs. Also, they refuse to accept the designers' interpretation on the grounds that they are subjective and incomplete interpretations even when in fact they are of superior intellectual standard. This problem is also found among the designers dealing with the clients. Thus, as long as all they are willing to accept is the fallibility of each other, the clash between designers and users is inevitable. To solve these problems, we need to have more objective and logical framework for achieving collective understanding on the interpretation of designs and symbols from the very stage of their development. The graphic design is a tangible product that represents the cultural phenomenon and needs to be interpreted as visual symbols. This makes the graphic design a semiological subject. Thus, a semiological approach will enable more analytical interpretations of polysemy of visual symbols. In this light, this study seeks to apply a semiological approach to suggest criteria for interpreting graphic designs as symbols. The criteria will serve as a useful tool for rational evaluation as well as strategic design development.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.36-41
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to generate virtual mandibular left first molar teeth using deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGANs) and analyze their matching accuracy with actual tooth morphology to propose a new paradigm for using medical data. Methods: Occlusal surface images of the mandibular left first molar scanned using a dental model scanner were analyzed using DCGANs. Overall, 100 training sets comprising 50 original and 50 background-removed images were created, thus generating 1,000 virtual teeth. These virtual teeth were classified based on the number of cusps and occlusal surface ratio, and subsequently, were analyzed for consistency by expert dental technicians over three rounds of examination. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 (IBM), including intraclass correlation coefficient for intrarater reliability, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post-hoc analysis. Results: Virtual mandibular left first molars exhibited high consistency in the occlusal surface ratio but varied in other criteria. Moreover, consistency was the highest in the occlusal buccal lingual criteria at 91.9%, whereas discrepancies were observed most in the occusal buccal cusp criteria at 85.5%. Significant differences were observed among all groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the classification of the virtually generated left mandibular first molar according to several criteria, DCGANs can generate virtual data highly similar to real data. Thus, subsequent research in the dental field, including the development of improved neural network structures, is necessary.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.111-127
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze current recruiting examination and to categorize and construct test item that assess a variety of Mechanic Metal teachers in technical high school for appointing new Mechanic Metal teacher. The future developmental directions in this study are as follows: First, the examination for appointing secondary school new Mechanic Metal Teacher reflects the curriculum of the teacher education and technical high school, must be nomalize. Second, the rational readjustment of the basic necessary subjects for Machinery Metal recruiting examination is required. Third, the Mechanic Metal recruiting examination must prepare the criteria for the domain ratio of presenting problems and improve with level of presenting the question items which demands a knowledge, application and critical thinking. Fourth, in order to avoid the bias of the some subject tendency with committee making questions of different domain, more participation of a committee making questions is required. Fifth, the practical evaluation must be executed by the effective method to be able to make up for the limit of paper and pencil tests Sixth, as the long-term prospect to secure the professionalism of teacher, the recruiting examination of teachers must be carried out with the Machinery and Metal subject, respectively.