• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1281-1291
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• 2017

This study examines the evolution of e-commerce industry over the past 20 years until the emergence of a new type of commerce, smart commerce, focused on Facebook. The researcher explained the evolutionary process step by step, focusing on the evolution of business model, evolution of platform, evolution of customer service value, analysis and evaluation, applying spiral evolution theory, Based on the axes, we applied the exploration and exploitation theory from the viewpoint of the operator and the user, analysis of innovative technology and customer feedback, and proposed an innovative business model. And researchers expect that theoretical and practical contribution of e-commerce industries and policies, through study of industry evolution.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2001

Purpose: Dysplasia or flat adenoma of the stomach is regarded as a precancerous lesion. However, the frequency and the evolutionary process of malignant transformation of gastric dysplasia are still debated. In order to see whether the lesion was a monoclonal or a polyclonal proliferation, clonality was assayed by X-linked HUMARA polymorphism. Materials and Methods: DNA was extracted from the paraffin-embedded tissue of 16 consecutive cases of endoscopic biopsy, eight of which supplied both dysplastic and nondysplastic tissue for comparison. HUMARA was amplified by PCR with or without pretreatment with methylationsensitive restriction enzyme, HpaII. The amplification products were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel and silver-stained. Results: Among the 16 cases, 13 cases were informative and 3 cases noninformative. Of the 13 cases, one case showed skewed lyonization, rendering 12 cases to be analyzed further. A monoclonal band pattern was noted in 2 cases, and a polyclonal band pattern in 10 cases. A review of the histopathologies of the monoclonal and the polyclonal cases did not reveal features discriminating the two groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that gastric dysplasia is a disease entity heterogeneous in the genetic level, and many cases may be non-neoplastic.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.521-526
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• 2020

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retrotransposons present in various metazoan genomes and have been implicated in metazoan evolution as well as in nematodes and humans. The long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons contain several regulatory sequences including promoters and enhancers that regulate endogenous gene expression and thereby control organismal development and response to environmental change. ERVs including the LTR retrotransposons constitute 8% of the human genome and less than 0.6% of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) genome, a nematode genetic model system. To investigate the evolutionarily conserved mechanism behind the transcriptional activity of retrotransposons, we generated a transgenic worm model driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression using Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)-K LTR as a promoter. The promoter activity of HERV-K LTR was robust and fluorescence was observed in various tissues throughout the developmental process. Interestingly, persistent GFP expression was specifically detected in the adult vulva muscle. Using deletion constructs, we found that the region from positions 675 to 868 containing the TATA box was necessary for promoter activity driving gene expression in the vulva. Interestingly, we found that the promoter activity of the LTR was dependent on che-1 transcription factor, a sensory neuron driver, and lin-15b, a negative regulator of RNAi and germline gene expression. These results suggest evolutionary conservation of the LTR retrotransposon activity in transcriptional regulation as well as the possibility of che-1 function in non-neuronal tissues.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.525-530
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• 2013

The ascarids, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, are probably the most common gastrointestinal helminths encountered in dogs. In order to understand biological differences of 2 ascarids, we analyzed gene expression profiles of female adults of T. canis and T. leonina using CLC Genomics Workbench, and the results were compared with those of free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A total of 2,880 and 7,949 ESTs were collected from T. leonina and T. canis, respectively. The length of ESTs ranged from 106 to 4,637 bp with an average insert size of 820 bp. Overall, our results showed that most functional gene annotations of 2 ascarids were quite similar to each other in 3 major categories, i.e., cellular component, biological process, and molecular function. Although some different transcript expression categories were found, the distance was short and it was not enough to explain their different lifestyles. However, we found distinguished transcript differences between ascarid parasites and free-living nematodes. Understanding evolutionary genetic changes might be helpful for studies of the lifestyle and evolution of parasites.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2001

Using bioinformatic tools for searching the massive genome databases, it is possible to Identify new genes in few minutes for initial discoveries based on evolutionary conservation, domain homology, and tissue expression patterns, followed by further verification and characterization using the bench-top works. The development of high-density two-dimensional arrays has allowed the analysis of the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously in the humans, mice, rats, yeast, and bacteria to elucidate the genes and pathways involved in physiological processes. In addition, rapid and automated protein identification is being achieved by searching protein and nucleotide sequence databases directly with data generated from mass spectrometry. Recently, analysis at the bio-chemical level such as biochemical screening and metabolic profiling (Biochemical genomics) has been introduced as an additional approach for categorical assignment of gene function. To make advantage of recent achievements in computational approaches for facilitated gene discoveries in the avian model, chicken expression sequence tags (ESTs) have been reported and deposited in the international databases. By searching EST databases, a chicken heparanase gene was identified and functionally confirmed by subsequent experiments. Using combination of sub-tractive hybridization assay and Genbank database searches, a chicken heme -binding protein family (cSOUL/HBP) was isolated in the retina and pineal gland of domestic chicken and verified by Northern blot analysis. Microarrays have identified several host genes whose expression levels are elevated following infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) with Marek's disease virus (MDV). The ongoing process of chicken genome projects and new discoveries and breakthroughs in genomics and proteomics will no doubt reveal new and exciting information and advances in the avian research.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.679-688
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• 2010

The major objective of the present study is to extend the applications of inverse analysis to more realistic engineering fields with a complex combustion process rather than the traditional simple heat-transfer problems. In order to do this, the unknown initial mass fractions of $CH_4/O_2$ are estimated from the temperature measurement data by inverse analysis in the practical diffusion-controlled turbulent combustion problem. In order to ensure efficient inverse analysis, the repulsive particle swarm optimization (RPSO) method, which belongs to the class of stochastic evolutionary global optimization methods, is implemented as an inverse solver. Based on this study, it is expected that useful information can be obtained when inverse analysis is used in the diagnosis, design, or optimization of real combustion systems involving unknown parameters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics C
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• v.36C no.11
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• pp.75-83
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• 1999

We propose a PfSGA(parameter-free species genetic algorithm) to learn the topological structure of MLP classifiers being adequate to given applications. The PfSGA is a combinational method of SGA(species genetic algorithm) and PfGA(parameter-free genetic algorithm). In SGA, we divide the total search space into several subspaces(species) according to the number of hidden units, and reduce the unnecessary search by eliminating the low promising species from the evolutionary process. However the performances of SGA classifiers are readily affected by the values of parameters such as mutation ratio and crossover ratio. In this paper, therefore, we combine SGA with PfGA, for which it is not necessary to determine the learning parameters. Experimental results on benchmark data and sign language words show that PfSGA can reduce the learning time of SGA and is not affected by the selection parameter values on structural learning. The results also show that PfSGA is more efficient than the exisiting methods in the aspect of misclassification ratio, learning rate, and complexity of MLP structure.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.251-262
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• 2016

Tall Buildings have been one of the most prominent symbols of economic growth for nearly a century. Yet, in the aftermath of the tragedies of September 11, "signature" Tall buildings have become the focus of much debate. The structural systems today are undergoing a major evolution to address the ability of providing flexibility in the design and use of the building together with sustainability (Green) and cost-effective system. This paper describes a new invented structural system, evolutionary structural analysis and design of Tall buildings, which involves the entire analysis process, including conceptual and design stages and comparison with the existing Tall building. This study presents an new innovative structural system, Beehive (Hexagrid), for Tall buildings. The final results are achieved by modeling an 80 story Tall building with the optimized angle and topology of hexagon members by using a computer analysis, ETABS finite element analysis. The objective function of this system is to use one structural system in order to both maximize Eigen frequency for resisting dynamic responses and minimize mean compliance for static responses. Finite element analysis is carried out by using standardized materials. Optimal Hexagrid topologies with the highest stiffness are finally determined to resist both static and dynamic behaviors. Holistic design integration approaches between structures and facades to save energy for environmental control are studied. Innovative design ideas to control structural motion as well as to utilize that motion to harness energy are discussed. Considering abundant emergence of tall buildings all over the world in recent years, the importance of the studies presented in this paper cannot be overemphasized for constructing more sustainable built environments.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2019

The cracking and spalling caused by fracture of concrete lining have adverse impacts on serviceability and durability of the tunnel, and the subsequent maintenance work for damaged structure needs to be specific to the damaging causes. In this paper, a particular case study of an operational tunnel structure is presented for the serious cracking and spalling behaviours of concrete lining, focusing on the multi-factors inducing lining failure. An integrated field investigation is implemented to characterize the spatial distribution of damages and detailed site situations. According to results of nondestructive inspection, insufficient lining thickness and cavity behind lining are the coupled-inducement of lining failure bahaviors. To further understanding of the lining structure performance influenced by these multiple construction deficiencies, a reliable numerical simulation based on extended finite element method (XFEM) is performed by using the finite element software. The numerical model with 112 m longitudinal calculation, 100 m vertical calculation and 43 m vertical depth, and the concrete lining with 1450 solid elements are set enrichment shape function for the aim of simulating cracking behavior. The numerical simulation responses are essentially in accordance with the actual lining damaging forms, especially including a complete evolutionary process of lining spalling. This work demonstrates that the serious lining damaging behaviors are directly caused by a combination of insufficient thickness lining and cavity around the surrounding rocks. Ultimately, specific maintenance work is design based on the construction deficiencies, and that is confirmed as an efficient, time-saving and safe maintenance method in the operational railway tunnel.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.1344-1353
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• 2006

In terms of the product conforming to a social value of integration of digital and design, the importance of brick toys aiming at the convergence with digital technology in various ways has increased on the strength of expanded base of users and in pursuit of design innovation. Given that previous studies on bricks centered on the role as a tool of flay and education, it is true that studies on other indefinite potentials and expandability in light of multimedia have not been conducted. This study was initiated with a question how the brick system toys, which is gradually gaining popularity, has evolved and is aimed at examining the status of evolvement through study of basic theories and analysis of examples. Based on this, it is intended to explore the possibility of the digital brick system by executing design process utilizing examples of comprehensive brick system with expanded form.