• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2833-2838
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• 2015

Background: Repeating a prior chemotherapy (rechallenge therapy) is an option for selected patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, but there is very little evidence in the literature for this approach. Thus, we reviewed our registry to evaluate prognostic factors and survival of patients who received irinotecan and oxaliplatin-based regimens as rechallenge third and fourth-line therapy. Materials and Methods: Patients who received irinotecan-based or oxaliplatin-base regimen as first-line had been rechallenged with third-line or fourth-line therapy. These patients were selected from the database of Turkish mCRC registry archives between October 2006 and June 2013 and evaluated retrospectively for factors effecting progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) by the Kaplan-Meire and Cox-regression methods. Results: Thirty-nine patients were enrolled. The median duration of follow-up was 36 months (14-68 months). Thirty-one patients (76%) died during follow-up. In terms of rechallenge treatments, 29 patients had received third-line and 10 patients had received fourth-line. Response rate (RR) was found to be 12.9%, with stable disease in 19 (48.7%) patients. The median PFS was 6 months (95%CI=4.64-7.35 months) and the median OS was 11 months (95%CI=8.31-13.68 months). The factors effecting survival (PFS and OS) were only being PFS after first-line chemotherapy ${\geq}12months$ (p=0.007, 95% CI=1.75-35.22 and p=0.004, 95%CI=1.44-7.11), both in univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions: This study indicates that rechallenge treatment could be a good option as a third or later line therapy in patients who had ${\geq}12months$ PFS onreceiving first line therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1221-1233
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• 2016

Purpose: To investigate any potential association between wine and breast cancer risk. Materials and Methods: We quantitatively assessed associations by conducting a meta-analysis based on evidence from observational studies. In May 2014, we performed electronic searches in PubMed, EmBase and the Cochrane Library to identify studies examining the effect of wine drinking on breast cancer incidence. The relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) were used to measure any such association. Results: The analysis was further stratified by confounding factors that could influence the results. A total of twenty-six studies (eight case-control and eighteen cohort studies) involving 21,149 cases were included in our meta-analysis. Our study demonstrated that wine drinking was associated with breast cancer risk. A 36% increase in breast cancer risk was observed across overall studies based on the highest versus lowest model, with a combined RR of 1.0059 (95%CI 0.97-1.05) in dose-response analysis. However, 5 g/d ethanol from wine seemed to have protective value from our non-linear model. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that wine drinking is associated with breast cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner. High consumption of wine contributes to breast cancer risk with protection exerted by low doses. Further investigations are needed for clarification.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.687-695
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• 2010

L이 urea, acetamide, semicrabazide, formamide 인 thiocyanato (L) Cobaloxime 착물을 합성하고 특성을 규명하였다. Thiocyanato(L)cobaloximes (SCNCo$(DH)_2$(L))과 benzyl (aquo) cobaloxime $PhCH_2Co(DH)_2(OH_2)$를 반응시켜 일반 분자식 $PhCH_2Co(DH)_2SCNCo(DH_2)(L)$를 갖는 일련의 thiocyanato로 연결된 dicobaloximes 생성물을 얻었다. Thiocyanato 리간드의 다리결합을 포함하고 있는 dicobaloximes의 조성에 대한 증거로 말단의 thiocyanocobaloxime (SCNCo$(DH)_2$(L))으로부터 dicobaloxime이 형성되면서 vCN이 $20-45cm^{-1}$ 증가하게 되는 적외선 데이터를 들 수 있다. 이러한 두 일련의 물질에 대한 더많은 특성을 ($^1H$, $^{13}C$) NMR, LCMS 및 원소분석을 통하여 확인하였다. Thiocyanato (L) cobaloximes 및 thiocyanato로 연결된 dicobaloxime의 항균 활성은 E. Coli에 의해 조사하였다. 두 단량체와 이합체 모두의 DNA-결합 행동은 분광학적 방법 및 점성도 측정을 통하여 조사하였다. 그 결과 이합체 착물은 calf-thymus DNA와 DNA의 염기쌍에 말단의 벤질 고리를 통해 사이에 끼인 형태로 결합되어 있음을 나타내었다. 단량체 착물은 DNA와 상호작용하지 않는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2017

Although some indicators for evaluating rural settlement conditions have been offered, these indicators could not reflect unique characteristics that rural has its own peculiarities. The rural area is identified with central districts functioned as service provision and hinterlands used its service. The aim of this study is to find a central district of rural villages and define range of its hinterlands using various physical characteristics of rural areas. Targeting areas are Yongsan and Hwanggan in Yeongdong-gun. The physical characteristics are represented by building density, number of shops among secondary and tertiary industries, official land price, and density of bus line. The rural central district is estimated by linear programming using defined the physical characteristics. Also its hinterlands used Huff model and social accessibility. The results of this study are as follows; (1) The physical characteristics in Hwanggan myeon is higher than Yongsan myeon because Hwanggan area has a large floating population for using Hwanggan station and ticket office; (2) The central district in Hwanggan has wider regional range than Yongsan. When central district estimate in rural areas, we suggest a grid diameter of Hexagon for controlling errors; (3) Considering accessibility, the life zone of 4 districts defined legally in Hwanggan use Yongsan and 2 legal districts in Hwanggan are possible to take advantage of Yongsan's life zone; (4) The results of survey targeting boundary villages between Yongsan and Hwanggan, individual drivers use central districts both Yongsan and Hwanggan, however users by public transportation (especially bus) go more to Hwanggan because bus lines to Hwanggan have many routes than to Yongsan. Evaluating the rural settlement conditions by national unit through grasping central districts and its hinterlands, these results can use as base line data and the evidence for regional development projects.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1996

산성강하물이 단기간에 걸쳐 지표수의 산성화에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 1995년 5월부터 10월까지 외부오염원이 거의 없는 강원도 춘천시에 위치한 저수지를 선정하여 연구를 수행하였다. 연구지역 일대의 지질을 조사하고 산골짜기에서 저수지로 흐르는 작고 얕은 하천의 수질을 분석하였다. 강우량은 우량계를 이용하여 측정하였고 강하물은 자동포집기를 이용하여 포집하였다. 연구기간동안의 강우의 pH 범위는 3.81~5.77로 평균 4.8을 나타내었으며 전기전도도 (EC)는 5~1.89$\mu$S/cm로 평균 10.6$\mu$S/cm를 나타냈다. 음이온 중에서는 ${SO_4}^{2-}$의 강하량이 3,119.7 kg/$\textrm{km}^2$로 가장 많았고, 양이온 중에서는 $NH^{4+}$가 1,053.2 kg/$\textrm{km}^2$로 가장 많았다. 지표수의 pH는 중성 또는 약염기성으로 강우의 pH가 산성이었음에도 지표수의 산성화 현상은 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 골짜기에서 흐르는 하천수를 측정할 때마다 측정지점의 고도가 낮아질 수록 pH 값은 증가하는 경향을 나타내어 물이 하류로 흘러가는 동안에 일어난 산성 또는 염기성물질로 인한 산염기반응의 영향을 보여주었다. 이 결과는 토양의 완충능력과 모암내에서의 중화능력을 각각 구별하여 조사할 필요성을 제시하였다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.93-105
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• 1990

Semicarbazone formation of nine monosubstituted benzaldehydes was studied kinetically in 20% methanol buffer solution at 15, 25, 35, and $45^{circ}C$. The rate of p-nitrobenzaldehyde semicarbazone formation is 2.7 times as fast as that of benzaldehyde, while p-hvdroxybenzaldehyde is 3.6 times as slow as that of benzaldehyde. Activation energies for p-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde, p-methylbenzaldehyde, p-methoxybenzaldshyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde semicarbazone formation are calculated as 5.80, 6.19, 6.57, 7.06, 8.03, and 6.46 kcal/mol respectively. It is concluded from the effect of ionic strength that the reaction is affected by not ions but neutral molecules involving hydrogen bonding between oxygen atom of carbonyl group and hydrogen atom of acid-catalyst, and concerted attack of the necleophilic reagent, free base on carbonyl compound. Also, the effect of solvent composition is small in 20% and 50% methanol (and ethanol) aqueous solutions. The ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ plots for the rates of semicarbazone formation at pH 7.1 show a linear ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ relationship (${\rho}=0.14l$, in contrast to that at pH 2.75 and pH 5.4 corresponding to ${\rho}-{\sigma}$ correlations reparted by Jencks. The rate of semicarbazone formation at pH 5.4 show a relationship which is convex upward, resulting in a break in the curve but at pH 2.75, slight difference from a linear relationship. As a result of studying citric acid catalysis, second-order rate constants increase linearly with citric acid concentration and show a 2 times increase as the catalyst concentration is varied from 0.025 to 0.1 mol/1 at pH 2,9, but slight increase at pH 5.3. The rate-determining step is addition below pH 5 but is dehydration between pH 5 and 7. Conclusively, the rate-determining step of the reaction changes from dehydration to addition in respect to hydrogen ion activity near pH 5. The ortho: para rate ratio of the hydroxybenzaldehydes for semicarbazone formation is about 17 at $15^{\circ}C$. It is concluded that the results constitute strong evidence in favor of greater stabilization of p- than o-hydroxybenzaldehyde by substituent which donate electrons by resonance and is due to hydrogen bonding between the carbon-bound hydrogen of the-CHO group and the oxygen atom of the substituent.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.35-55
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• 2001

Recently attention has been focused on the effects of early intervention, or its lack, on both normal and preterm infants. Particularly numerous studies suggest that premature infants are not necessarily understimulated but instead are subjected to inappropriate stimulation. Developmental support and sensory stimulation have become clinical opportunities in which nursing practice can impact on the neurobehavioral outcome of premature infants. Developmental care has been widely accepted and implemented in neonatal intensive care units across the country. Increasingly, attention and concern in caring for low-birth-weight infants and premature infants has led clinicians in the field to explore the effects of a complex of interventions designed to create and maintain a developmentally supportive environment; to provide age-appropriate sensory input; and to protect the infant from inappropriate, excessive and stressful stimulation. The components of developmental care include modifications of the macro-environment to reduce NICU light and sound levels, care clustering, nonnutritive sucking, and containment strategies, such as flexed positioning or swaddling. Sensory stimulation of the premature infants is presented to standardize the modification of a developmental intervention based on physiologic and behavioral cues. The most appropriate type of stimuli are those that are sensitive to infant cues. Evaluation of infant physiological and behavioral responds to specific intervention stimuli may help to identify more appropriate interventions based on infants' cues. A critical question confronting the clinician is that of determining when the evidence supporting a change in practice is sufficient to justify making that change. There are acknowledged limitations in the current studies. Many of the studies examined had small sample sizes; used nonprobability sampling; and used a phase lag design, which introduces the possibility of threats to internal validity and limits the generalizability of the results. Although many issues regarding the effects of developmental interventions remain unresolved, the available research base documents significant benefits of developmental care for LBW infants in consistent outcomes, without significant adverse effects. Particularly, although the individual studies vary somewhat in the definition of specific outcomes measured, instrumentation used, time and method of data collection, and preparaion of the care providers, in all studies, infants receiving the full protocol of individualized developmentally supportive care had improvements in some aspect of four areas of infant functioning: level of respiratory or oxygen support, the establishment of oral feeding; length of hospital stay, and infant behavioral regulation. In summary, based on the available literature, individualized developmental intervention should be incorporated into standard practice in neonatal intensive care. And this implementation needs to be coupled with ongoing research to evaluate the impact of an individualized developmental care programs on the short- and long-tenn health outcomes of LBW infants.

• 인지과학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.135-157
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• 2014

본 연구는 6개월 및 12개월 영아들이 행위자(agent)의 사회적인 선호를 추론할 때, 이전에 있었던 사회적 상호작용 내의 행동 의도 정보를 고려할 수 있는지 살펴보았다. 친숙화 시행에서 12개월(실험 1), 6개월(실험 2) 영아들은 한 도형(세모 또는 네모)이 동그라미를 밀어 올려서 동그라미가 언덕을 오를 수 있도록 돕는 장면과 다른 도형이 동그라미를 아래쪽으로 밀어서 언덕을 오를 수 없도록 방해하는 장면을 보았다. 이 때, 도움 행동과 방해 행동의 의도만 제시하고, 행동의 결과, 즉 목표 달성의 성공 또는 실패는 명확하게 보여주지 않았다. 검사 시행에서 영아들은 동그라미가 도움자 도형에게 접근하는 장면(도움자 접근 조건)을 보거나 방해자 도형에게 접근하는 장면(방해자 접근 조건)을 보았다. 그 결과, 두 연령 집단 모두 방해자 접근 조건일 때보다 도움자 접근 조건일 때, 검사 시행을 유의미하게 더 오래 보았다. 이는 6-12개월 영아가 행위자의 의도를 고려해서 도움자와 방해자를 구별할 수 있으며 이러한 정보를 바탕으로 행위자의 사회적 선호를 추론할 수 있음을 보여준다. 본 연구 결과는 영아들이 돕기와 같은 도덕 관련 행동의 의도를 고려할 수 있고, 이를 통해 행위자의 사회적 선호를 추론할 수 있는 능력이 생후 1년 이내에 존재할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Oriental Medicine has long been centered around Qi[vital force], hence adopting Qigong and the art of regimen for training the body and relaxing the mind so as to prevent and heal illness. It has not been such a long time since Qigong method had been performed and spot-lighted out of numerous methods in Oriental Medicine. In China and Korea alone, diverse cases and papers are published, only revealing so many steps toward the establishment of diachronic description, theoretical foundation, and clinical practice. Historical approach is an essential part of recognizing a subject. When you step along its path and comprehend what it were, you can also grasp what it is and what it will be. Establishment of Qigong history is also vital to research Qigong in theory and practice. Generally, Qigong was transmitted from China to Korea, whereas the opposite explanation, that it originated from Korean Taoism, is supported by the minority based on certain texts concerning ancient history. In this paper, I support the theory of Korean originality based on the following grounds: First, the location of Qi and Van, the motherland of Chinese Taoism provides a strong evidence that Korean tradition had been absorbed by them and formed the tradition of mystic hermits(shenxian). Second, Guangchengzi, the originator of mystic hermits, is from Dongyi tribe according to Cheonghakjib. Third, the myth of Dangun has pure form of unique Korean folklore possessing the distinctive feature of mystic hermits tradition, uninfluenced by Chinese Taoism. Fourth, in ideographical aspect, the character 'xian(仙)', was invented as the Korean concept of mystic hermits[xian] was flowed in to China. Moreover, There is high probability that it was based on the concept of mystic hermits shown in the myth of Dangun in Its original formation. Fifth, considering the relation between wild ginseng and the tradition of mystic hermits, that tradition can be formed very naturally in Korean area. Sixth, the analogical similarity between archetype of Korean tradition and Taoistic trilogy, the foundational idea of the tradition, gives genealogical basis to its origin. Seventh, the tradition of mystic hermits and Shamanism, which constitues the prototype of Korean mind as an original religious tradition, are undiscernible in their root In Conclusion, We can reach the idea that the origin of Qigong derives from Korean tradition, not that of China. The tradition of mystic hermits was transformed to ego-centric seclusionism when it faced the anarchy of Warring states period in China, whereas it was developed into humane proriety and worship of Heaven base on the programme of 'universal fraternity in pursuit of interst for man'. In prospect, it is highly required to develop and interpret traditional discipline methods in Korea so as to utilize them for clinical Qigong in practice.

• 감성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2005

통증은 다른 일반 감각과는 달리 감각적인 면과 정서적인 면이 있어, 인격, 기대, 암시, 과거 통증경험과 같은 개인의 심리적 특성이나 사회문화적 환경 등 여러 요인에 의해 크게 영향을 받는다. 이러한 환자의 주관적인 통증의 호소를 객관화하려는 노력은 여러 통증 치료 의사들한테 많이 시도되어 왔으나 아직도 정확한 객관적인 진단방법이 나타나고 있지 않다. 최근에 PET이나 fMRI의 등장은 이러한 면에서 통증에 관한 연구를 하는 학자들에게 커다란 도움을 주고 있고 현재에도 이러한 뇌 기능적 자기공명영상을 이용한 많은 연구결과들이 보고되고 있다. 뇌는 어떠한 기능을 수행하기 위하여 특정부위의 뇌 신경활동이 항진되면 이와 함께 그 부위의 국소적 뇌 혈류 및 대사가 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 생리적 변화를 이용하여 뇌에 국소적 신경활성화가 생기는 위치를 mapping 할 수 있다. mapping 대상 뇌 기능은 지각, 운동, 기억, 언어 등의 기능에서 출발하여 최근 감정, 정서, 사회적 인식, 도덕적 판단, 의식, 마음까지 조사대상이 넓어지고 있다. 본 발표에서는 이러한 뇌 기능 영상기법에 대한 내용과 뇌 기능 영상 기법을 이용하여 통증의 평가를 어떻게 할 수 있는지를 알아보고자 한다.