• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.292-303
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• 2022

Background: Climate change significantly influences the geographical distribution of plant species worldwide. Selecting indicator species allows for better-informed and more effective ecosystem management in response to climate change. The Korean Peninsula is the northernmost distribution zone of warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved (WTEB) species in Northeast Asia. Considering the ecological value of these species, we evaluated the current distribution range and future suitable habitat for 13 WTEB tree species designated as climate-sensitive biological indicator species. Results: Up-to-date and accurate WTEB species distribution maps were constructed using herbarium specimens and citizen science data from the Korea Biodiversity Observation Network. Current northern limits for several species have shifted to higher latitudes compared to previous records. For example, the northern latitude limit for Stauntonia hexaphylla is higher (37° 02' N, Deokjeokdo archipelago) than that reported previously (36° 13' N). The minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) is the major factor influencing species distribution. Under future climate change scenarios, suitable habitats are predicted to expand toward higher latitudes inland and along the western coastal areas. Conclusions: Our results support the suitability of WTEB trees as significant biological indicators of species' responses to warming. The findings also suggest the need for consistent monitoring of species distribution shifts. This study provides an important baseline dataset for future monitoring and management of indicator species' responses to changing climate conditions in South Korea.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal sound absorption conditions by comparing the sound absorption characteristics of fresh and air-dried leaves of Quercus glauca, the main species of evergreen broadleaf trees (EBLT) in southern Korea. The sound absorption coefficients (SACs) obtained under 18 conditions were comparatively analyzed. The SAC of air-dried leaves improved significantly with increasing leaf layer thickness. The highest average SAC in the fresh leaf group was 0.617, which was observed under the condition of a leaf specimen size of 0.5 × 0.5 cm² and a leaf layer thickness of 1.75 cm. In a group of air-dried leaves, this was 0.615 under the condition of a leaf specimen size of 0.5 × 0.5 cm² and a leaf layer thickness of 2.50 cm. The maximum value of SAC for each wavelength was observed under the condition of a leaf layer thickness of 2.50 cm consisting of 0.5 × 0.5 cm² leaf specimens, ranging from 1,400 Hz to 1,500 Hz.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2020

Seasonal changes in the CO₂ fixation rate and water-use efficiency in the leaves of six evergreen and two deciduous broad-leaved tree species on Jeju Island, Korea, were measured using a portable photosynthesis analyzer, to identify which species are most efficient in taking up CO₂ from the air. The CO₂ fixation rate was high in the deciduous species in spring and summer and decreased in fall, whereas it was high in the evergreen species in summer and fall and decreased in winter. The rate remained high in the deciduous tree Prunus yedoensis from spring to fall (> 7.1 μmol CO₂/m₂/s) and in two evergreen trees, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii and Cinnamomum camphora, in summer and fall (7.0 9.9 μmol CO₂/㎡/s). Therefore, these tree species fix atmospheric CO₂ effectively. The water-use efficiency was higher in evergreen species than in deciduous species regardless of the season. Exceptionally, it was high in the deciduous species Zelkova serrata in spring and summer (> 100 μmol CO₂/mol H₂O), suggesting that Z. serrata is a useful tree for dry conditions due to its tolerance of water stress. The regressions of the CO₂ fixation rate versus the evaporation rate and stomatal conductance were linear and non-linear, respectively. This suggests that the stomatal activity of leaves plays an important part in CO₂ fixation of plants. In conclusion, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, C. camphora, and P. yedoensis should be planted along roads or in urban spaces for the greening of cities and mitigation of CO₂ concentrations in the air.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.158-169
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• 1983

An investigation on the floras of Osik island and its neighboring two islands, 13km west of Gunsan, showed that there were a total of 305 kinds belonging to 81 families, 132 genus, 259 species, 42 varieties, 4 formas. Of the 305 kinds collected 213 kinds were herb and 92 kinds were woody plant. Seven species of evergreen broad-leaved trees including Euonymus japonica T., Eurya japonica T. and Elaeagnus macrophylla T. etc. are listed in the Norae-sum and Ga-do. The vegetations of Norae-sum and Ga-do were more favorable than that of Osik-do which vegetation was destructed by human inerferences. Coastal plants in these areas were about 30 species. It is interest that the floras of these areas were very similar to that of Gogunsangun-do (r=0.97) inspite of adjacency to inland area.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to establish the strategic direction of school forest based on the analysis of planting species and status and environmental consciousness of students on 9 elementary schools in Gyeongsangbuk-Do. According to the results of analysis of planting status, the green space area of Ahwa elementary school was increased as $2,300m^2$ and the green space area of most schools was increased more than $500m^2$ by the construction of school forest. The planting species were surveyed as 109 species in total and the deciduous broad-leaf trees and herbaceous plants were identified by each 29 species. As a result of analysis of elementary school students' awareness on school forest using surveys, the ratio of students that know school forests is 58.9% and the ratio of participation is 20.7%, that is very low. Finally, in the direction for the desirable construction of school forest, the students evaluated by preferring the evergreen broad-leaved trees, flowering trees and fruit trees and they required the development of teaching materials and program and the quantitative increase of forest.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.187-203
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• 1982

The results obtained from te field investigations of Chuja Island conducted for 5 days from July 18 to 22, 1980 and from August 12 to 16, 1981 are summarized as follows: Vascular plants of this island disclosed by the present study consisted of 86 families, 210 genera, 228 species, 38 varieties and 4 래금. Nineteen species of evergreen broad-leaved trees were discovered, including Litsea japonica Juss, Camellia japonica L. and Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. These indeciduous latifoliate trees were preserved in poor condition. Ten-twenty years old Pinus thunbergii was confirmed to be the predominant species. Seaside plants encountered were 6 species, including Vitex rotundifolia L. Fil. and Asterspathullfoius Max., but they were poorly distributed. Naturalized plants comprised a total of 12 species. This varied number of species is considered attributable to the frequent access of men owing to convenient marine traffic. the destruction of vegetation of this island may be attributed to human interference (loggin for boat construction, building and charcoal materials) ever escalated by high population density. It is worthy of noting that Bochmeria penosa Nakai et Stake which forms a large community in this island can be used as textile resources.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2005

본 조사는 2000년 2월 1일부터 2002년 5월 30일 사이에 경상남도 통영시 한산면 비진도와 용초도를 중심으로 식물종을 조사하고 관속식물목록을 작성하였다. 본 지역의 식생을 분석하기 위해 상재도표와 군락조성표 등을 작성하였다. 본 조사지역에서 조사된 관속식물은 37목, 112과 352속 476종 59변종 12품종으로 총 547종류가 기록되었다. 그리고 그 중 귀화식물은 메귀리, 능수참새그령, 미국개기장 등 36종류, 상록 활엽수는 모밀잣밤나무, 모람, 멀꿀, 생달나무, 육박나무, 센달나무, 후박나무, 참식나무, 동백나무 등 36종류, 재배식물은 삼나무, 편백, 보리, 은사시나무 등 41종류, 그리고 한국특산식물은 개고사리, 풀싸리, 회양목 등 6종류가 기록되었다. '98년도 환경부 지정 보호야생식물은 고란초(Crypsinus hastatus, 98식-4) 1종류가 기록되었다. 본 조사지역의 삼림식생을 식물사회학적으로 분석, 정리한 결과 곰솔군락, 모밀잣밤나무군락, 동백나무군락, 참식나무군락, 후박나무군락, 굴참나무군락, 소사나무군락, 굴피나무군락, 억새군락, 사방오리식재림 등 총 9개 자연군락과 1개의 식재림으로 구분되었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2010

본 연구는 삼보사찰인 해인사, 통도사, 송광사에 식재되어 있는 식물종과 식재특성을 분석함으로써 한국의 전통식재양식에 대한 기초이론을 모색하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 삼보사찰의 식재종은 57과 96속110종 12변종 7품종 등 총 129분류군으로 확인되었다. 불교와 관련된 식물종은 불두화, 수국, 파초이며, 이들은 식물형태, 불교의식 등과 연관성이 있는 것으로 생각된다. 성상 분석 결과, 교목 34.1%, 관목 33.3%, 만경 3.9%, 초본 28.7%로 분석되었다. 낙엽 유무에 따른 분석 결과, 낙엽활엽 56분류군, 상록활엽 27분류군, 상록침엽 14분류군으로 확인되었다. 자생종의경우, 해인사 32분류군, 통도사 27분류군, 송광사 44분류군이며, 외래종의 경우 해인사 20분류군, 통도사 28분류군, 송광사 44분류군으로 나타났다. 식재특성 분석 결과, 해인사 일주문의 경우 전나무가 열식되어 있었고, 해탈문 화계의 경우 백목련 이 단식으로 식재되어 있었으며, 적묵당 화계의 경우 개비자나무가 일정 간격으로 식재되었다. 대적광전의 경우, 중앙 계단을 중심으로 양쪽에 자목련이 대식되어 있어 균형감과 정형미를 유지하고 있었다. 통도사의 경우, 일주문에는 팽나무, 느티나무 등이 식재되어 있었으며, 영산전의 경우 오죽이 차폐식재되어 있었다. 황화각은 건물 중앙 전면부에 대칭식재되어 있었으며, 대광명전은 혼합식재형태를 하고 있었다. 송광사 일주문 주변에는 일정한 식재형태는 나타나지 않았으며, 도성당의 경우 산수유가 서쪽에 열식된 형태를 하고 있었다. 관음전의 경우 옥향과 동백나무가 대칭식재되어 있었고, 대웅보전 정면에는 수령이 오래된 수목들이 표본식재되어 있었다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1972

A comparison between the productivity of the evergreen needle pine(Pinus densiflora) and of the deciduous broad leaved oak(Quercus mongolica) stands, which is located near Choon-Chun city, Kangwon dist. have been established. The pine stand had a stand density of 938 trees per ha and oak stand had of 638 trees per ha. The diameter at breast height (D) and the height of tree (H) of each tree were measured in sample plot of 800$m^2$. Twelve standard sample trees chose from the sample area felled down, and then weighed the stem, branches and leaves separately, according to both the stratified clip technique and the stem analysis. The vertical distribution of photosynthetic system was arranged effectively for high productivity in the productive structure of both trees. The allometric relation between D2H and dry weight of stem (Ws), branches (Wb) and leaves (Wl) of pine were approximated by log Ws=0.6212 log D2H-0.5383 log Wb=0.4681 log D2H-0.7236 log Wl=0.2582 log D2H-5.1567 and those of oak were approximated by log Ws=0.5125 log D2H＋0.0231 log Wb=0.5125 log D2H-0.3755 log Wl=0.8721 log D2H-2.9710 From the above, the standing crops of pine and oak in the sample area were estimated to be as much as 38.83ton and 48.11 ton of dry matter, above ground, per ha, respectively. Annual net production as the sum of the biomass newly formed during one year was appraised at 12.66ton/ha.yr in pine stand and at 8.74 ton/ha.yr in oak. The reason of high productivity of pine stand compared with oak might be resulted from much more about 4 times of the amount of the photosynthetic system, but less non-photosynthetic one of pine than those of oak. To increase the productivity of the forest stands investigated it was necessary to make densly a stand density, to be abundant in the inorganic nutrients and to preserve much water in soil to conserve the litters.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1599-1605
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• 2011

To evaluate heat environment surrounding plants diurnal change of leaf temperature in the broad-leaved deciduous and evergreen trees was measured with microclimatic environmental factors including global solar radiation, and upward and downward long wave radiation. Maximum daily solar radiation was 961.2 and 976.3 w/$m^2$ in August 9 and 23, respectively. Upward long wave radiation was slightly higher than downward long wave radiation, showing 404.2 w/$m^2$ in August 9 and 394.5 w/$m^2$ in August 23. In addition, daily maximum vapor pressure deficit was 5.42 and 6.84 kPa in August 9 and 23, respectively, indicating high evaporative demand. Quercus glauca and Acer mono was differently responded to changing light regimes. On August 9, leaf temperature at the top-positioned leaves of Acer plants was higher than air temperature as well as those of Quercus plants in the morning. This indicates that stomata in Acer plants were closed by heat stress or water stress in the morning, while Quercus plant maintained active transpiration by opening stomata. These results indicated that improved light regimes such as gap opening in the closed forest may not always affect positively in the physiology of understory plants.