• 경영과정보연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.41-74
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• 2007

In Korea, corporate merger activities were activated since 1980, and nowadays(particuarly since 1986) the changes in domestic and international economic circumstances have made corporate managers have strong interests in merger. Korea and America have different business environments and it is easily conceivable that there exists many differences in motives, methods, and effects of mergers between the two countries. According to recent studies on takeover bids in America, takeover bids have information effects, tax implications, and co-insurance effects, and the form of payment(cash versus securities), the relative size of target and bidder, the leverage effect, Tobin's q, number of bidders(single versus multiple bidder), the time period (before 1968, 1968-1980, 1981 and later), and the target firm reaction (hostile versus friendly) are important determinants of the magnitude of takeover gains and their distribution between targets and bidders at the announcement of takeover bids. This study examines the theory of takeover bids, the status quo and problems of merger in Korea, and then investigates how the announcement of merger are reflected in common stock returns of bidding firms, finally explores empirically the factors influencing abnormal returns of bidding firms' stock price. The hypotheses of this study are as follows ; Shareholders of bidding firms benefit from mergers. And common stock returns of bidding firms at the announcement of takeover bids, shows significant differences according to the condition of the ratio of target size relative to bidding firm, whether the target being a member of the conglomerate to which bidding firm belongs, whether the target being a listed company, the time period(before 1986, 1986, and later), the number of bidding firm's stock in exchange for a stock of the target, whether the merger being a horizontal and vertical merger or a conglomerate merger, and the ratios of debt to equity capital of target and bidding firm. The data analyzed in this study were drawn from public announcements of proposals to acquire a target firm by means of merger. The sample contains all bidding firms which were listed in the stock market and also engaged in successful mergers in the period 1980 through 1992 for which there are daily stock returns. A merger bid was considered successful if it resulted in a completed merger and the target firm disappeared as a separate entity. The final sample contains 113 acquiring firms. The research hypotheses examined in this study are tested by applying an event-type methodology similar to that described in Dodd and Warner. The ordinary-least-squares coefficients of the market-model regression were estimated over the period t=-135 to t=-16 relative to the date of the proposal's initial announcement, t=0. Daily abnormal common stock returns were calculated for each firm i over the interval t=-15 to t=+15. A daily average abnormal return(AR) for each day t was computed. Average cumulative abnormal returns($CART_{T_1,T_2}$) were also derived by summing the $AR_t's$ over various intervals. The expected values of $AR_t$ and $CART_{T_1,T_2}$ are zero in the absence of abnormal performance. The test statistics of $AR_t$ and $CAR_{T_1,T_2}$ are based on the average standardized abnormal return($ASAR_t$) and the average standardized cumulative abnormal return ($ASCAR_{T_1,T_2}$), respectively. Assuming that the individual abnormal returns are normal and independent across t and across securities, the statistics $Z_t$ and $Z_{T_1,T_2}$ which follow a unit-normal distribution(Dodd and Warner), are used to test the hypotheses that the average standardized abnormal returns and the average cumulative standardized abnormal returns equal zero.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.761-772
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• 2005

배경: 인공심장판막 시술 후에 혈전색전증의 위험성을 감소시키기 위래서 치료범위의 INR을 유지하는 것이 중요하다. 이 연구의 목적은 약사에 의해서 운영되는 anticoagulation service (ACS)을 받는 한국 인공심장판막 외래환자에서 실제적인 용량 가이드라인을 제시하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1997년 3월에서 2000년 9월까지 서울대학교병원에서 ACS를 방문한 모든 환자의 의무기록을 후향적으로 검토하였다. 수술 후 6개월이 경과된 환자로 INR 2.0미만과 INR 3.0초과가 한 번 이상 있는 환자의 자료를 대상으로 하였으며 이전의 INR이 안정화되었고, 복약순응도가 확인되고, warfarin과 알려진 약물 또는 상호작용이 없는 경우로 목표 INR에 도달하기 위해서 용량 조절을 필요로 한 증례(총 688명, 1,782회 방문)를 분석하였다. Warfarin용량 조절 가이드라인을 제시하기 위해서 대동맥 판막치환술과 승모판 또는 이중판막 치환술을 받은 환자를 구별하여 각각 용량 조절 전의 INR, 평균 조절된 용량, 조절 후의 INR을 조사하였다. 결과: 이 연구에서는 1주일 총 투여량의 변화량(mg)에 근거한 warfarin 용량 조절(가이드라인 I)과 비율에 근거한 1주일 총 투여량 조절 가이드라인(가이드라인 II)을 제시하였고 가이드라인 I과 가이드라인 II의 유효성도 평가하였다. 모든 환자 군에서 가이드라인 I이 가이드라인 II보다 우수하였지만 가장 흔히 사용되는 중등도의 용량(1주 총 투여량$23\~47mg$)을 투여 받는 환자에서는 두 가이드라인 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다 결론: 이 연구에서 제시된 가이드 라인은 심장판막수술을 받은 외래 환자에서의 warfarin 용량 조절에 유용할 것으로 생각된다.대한 치료 순응도가 높아졌다. 후 동율동 전환율이나 좌심방 수축능 회복에 좋은 결과를 보여주었다 그러나 향후 대상환자들에 대한 중장기적인 추적 관찰이 필요하리라 생각한다.pm1.6$일째에 관상동맥조영술을 시행하여 모든 도관의 개존율$(100\%=57/57)$을 확인하였다 수술 전 중재 술을 시행한 1개소에서는 중재술 부위의 재협착소견이 보여 수술 후 조영술시 재풍선확장술로 치료하였다. 수술 후 추적관찰(평균 $25\pm26$개월)동안 1예에서 심부전으로 사망하였다. 생존한 환자 24예에서 술 후 평균 $9.6\pm3$개월째에 관상동맥조영술을 시행하였고 이식도관이 string 징후를 보인 1예를 제외하고 모두 개존(56/57)되어 있었으며, 약물용출형 스탠트를 시행하기 이전의 12예의 중재술 중 2예에서 $50\%$ 이상의 스텐트 협착이 있었으나 흉통의 재발은 없었다. 결론: 하이브리드 관상동맥 우회 술은 수술위험도를 낮추기 위하여 최소절개 관상동맥우회술과 병합하여 시도될 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 선택적 환자들에서는 정중 흉골절개 관상동맥우회술과 병합하여 수술관련 유병률을 낮추고 심근의 완전 재관류화를 도모할 수 있었다.호도에서 가장 적절한 방법으로 사료된다.비위생 점수가 유의적으로 높은 점수를 나타내었다. 조리종사자의 위생지식 점수와 위생관리 수행수준의 상관관계를 조사한 결과, 위생지식의 기기설비위생은 위생관리 수행수준의 합계(p<0.01)에서 유의적인 상관관계(p<0.01)를 나타내었으며, 위생지식의 식중독 및 미생물은 위생관리 수행수준의 개인위생(p<0.01)과 유의적인 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다 위생지식의 점수합계는 개인위생(p<0.05)과 식중독 및 미생물(p<0.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.493-502
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the mass concentration of nanoparticles and understand the characteristics of elements of heavy metal concentrations within nanoparticles in the air using Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor Model-110 (MOUDI-110), based on indoor and outdoor air. Methods: This Study sampled nanoparticles using MOUDI-110 indoors (office) and outdoors at S University in Asan, Korea in order to reveal the concentration of nanoparticles in the air. Sampling continued for nine months (10 times indoors and 14 times outdoors) from March to November 2010. Mass concentrations of nanoparticle and concentrations of heavy metals (Al, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) were analyzed. Results: Indoors, geometric mean concentration of nanoparticles ranged in size from 0.056 ${\mu}m$ to 0.10 ${\mu}m$ and those of 0.056 ${\mu}m$ or less recorded 0.929 ${\mu}g/m^3$ and 1.002 ${\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On the other hand, the levels were lower outdoors with 0.819 ${\mu}g/m^3$ and 0.597 ${\mu}g/m^3$. Mann-Whitney U tests showed that the difference between the indoors and the outdoors was statistically meaningful in terms of particles of 0.056 ${\mu}m$ or less (p<0.05) in size. These results are possibly influenced by the use of printers and duplicators as the factor that increased the concentration of nanoparticles. In seasonal concentration distribution, the level was higher during the summer compared to in the autumn. Those of 0.056 ${\mu}m$ or less in size presented a statistically meaningful difference during the summer (p<0.05). These results may be influenced by photochemical event as the factor that makes the levels high. Regarding zinc, among the other heavy metals, the fine particles ranged in size from 0.056 ${\mu}m$ to 0.10 ${\mu}m$ and those of 0.056 ${\mu}m$ or less recorded 1.699 $ng/m^3$ and 1.189 $ng/m^3$ in the outdoors. In the indoors, the levels were lower, with 0.745 $ng/m^3$ and 0.617 $ng/m^3$. Cr and Ni at the size of 0.056 ${\mu}m$ or less, both of which have been known to pose severe health effects, recorded higher concentrations indoors with 0.736 $ng/m^3$ and 0.177 $ng/m^3$, compared to 0.444 $ng/m^3$ and 0.091 $ng/m^3$ outdoors. By season, Zn, Ni, Cu and Pb posted a high level of indoor concentration during the fall. As for Cr, the level of concentration indoors was higher than outdoors both during the summer and the autumn. Conclusion: This study indicates the result of an examination of nano-sized particles and heavy metal concentrations. It will provide useful data for the determination of basic nanoparticle standards in the future.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2011

최근 사용자 정보와 주변 환경의 정보를 수집할 수 있는 센서의 기술과 휴대 디바이스의 성능이 매우 발달되어 왔다. 이러한 기술 발달로 인해 사용자는 매우 다양한 콘텐츠를 이용할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 사용자가 휴대한 디바이스의 특성에 따라 이용할 수 있는 콘텐츠가 제한적이다. 이것을 해결하기 위해 하나의 콘텐츠를 여러 디바이스에서 사용하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. 본 연구에서는 사용자 주변의 센서를 통한 다양한 정보를 수집하여 사용자의 상황에 맞는 특정 콘텐츠를 선정하고, 선정된 콘텐츠를 사용자가 휴대한 디바이스 특성에 맞게 변환하여 서비스를 제공하는 시스템을 제안한다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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• pp.46-46
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• 2011

Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

본 연구는 별서명승의 개념을 정립하기 위하여 시도된 것으로서, 별서 및 명승의 정의를 먼저 제시한 후, 별서가 별서명승으로 불릴 수 있는 근거와 이유, 당위성을 밝히고자 하였다. 우리나라 명승지정 기준은 3항에 저명한 경관의 전망지점, 5항에 저명한 건물 또는 정원 및 중요한 전설지 등으로서 종교, 교육, 생활, 위락 등과 관련된 경승지를 명승으로 지정할 수 있게 되어 있다. 따라서 여기에 덧붙여 우리 선조들이 별서공간에 대한 명승개념을 정의해 놓은 사례들을 살펴봄으로써, 향후 별서공간을 역사 및 생활명승으로서의 명승으로 지정해 나갈 수 있는 준거를 찾아보고자 한다. 첫째, 문화재법상 명승의 개념은 경치가 좋기로 이름난 건물이 있는 경승지 또는 이름난 풍경을 볼 수 있는 지점으로서 경치도 중요하지만, 대상지의 담겨진 삶의 기록(Story Telling)인 역사자원을 발굴해 내는데 관심을 기울여야 할 것이다. 둘째, 우리나라의 명승에 대한 지정 기준은 자연경관, 저명한 경치가 있는 동식물군락지, 경관조망점, 저명한 건물 또는 정원(庭苑) 및 중요한 전설지 등으로 다양화되지 못하고 있으므로 생활명승으로서의 별서명승의 지정을 확대할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 외국 사례 중 일본의 경우, 별서 및 주택정원을 명승으로 196개소나 지정하여 전체 명승 355개의 55.4%에 달하고 있음에 유의하여, 우리도 이들의 제도를 우리에 맞게 원용해볼 필요가 있다. 특히 저명한 건물이나 중요사적 및 민속자료 등이 포함된 대단위 경관지역은 복합문화명승이나 특별명승과 같은 개념으로 지정할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 사적, 중요 민속자료 등으로 분류된 정원, 원지 중에서 명승으로의 가치가 더욱 부각되는 대상지의 명승으로의 문화재 지정종별 분류작업을 지속시켜야 할 것이다. 다섯째, 생활명승이면서 경치가 아름다운 별서정원의 명승지정을 확대하여야 한다. 정자들은 경승지에 선비들이 은일하며, 학문을 했던 별서의 중심공간으로서, 작정자가 분명하고 행장기록이 있어 국민들에게 이야기거리를 창출하여 홍보할 수 있는 가치가 있는 경우 명승의 대상이 될 수 있기 때문이다. 여섯째, 별서정원에서 경치가 아름다운 조망점의 경우 지정대상이 될 수 있으므로 명승 지정을 확대해야 한다. 우리나라는 별서정원의 경우 조망점이 우수한 사례가 많고, 아직 조망점이 좋은 대상지를 명승으로 지정한 경우가 거의 없기 때문이다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.135-147
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• 2015

최근 지하공동구(Underground Common Utility Tunnels)는 도시민이 일상생활을 영위하는데 필요한 전기, 통신, 상수도, 도시 가스, 하수도뿐만 아니라 냉난방시설, 진공 집진관, 정보처리케이블 등의 시설물을 2종 이상 공동으로 수용하기 위한 지하시설물로서 국가의 중추기능을 담당하는 시설이지만, 화재 사고시 신속한 대처가 힘들고 각종 케이블 연소시 발생하는 유독가스 및 연기에 의해 공동구 내에 진입하여 진압하기가 힘들다. 따라서 화재발생시 막대한 재산피해 및 통신두절 등 국가의 중추신경이 마비됨은 물론 시민불편사항을 초래하게 된다. 따라서 본 논문은 지금까지 발생 되어온 국내,외 공동구 화재사례에서 화재발생의 주요원인으로 전기공사로 인한 합선 및 가연성케이블에 의한 열화접촉으로 화재가 발생하는 것이 대다수를 차지하고 있음에 착안하여 실제 공동구 모형을 제작하고 화재를 재현함으로서 과학적으로 화재의 성상을 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 화재실험은 지하공동구 내에 정온식 감지선형 감지기(Line type fixed temperature detector), 방화문(Fire door), 연결살수설비(Connection deluge set), 및 환기설비를 설치하고, 송 배전케이블은 일정구간 내화(Fireproof)도료로 도장하며, 난방관은 내화 피복된 상태에서 실험하였다. 그 결과 Type II의 경우 최고온도가 $932^{\circ}C$로 측정되었고, 일정한 온도에서 정온식감지선형감지기가 화재위치를 정확하게 수신반에 표시되었다. 그리고 Type III의 경우인 송 배전케이블은 일정구간 내화도료로 도장한 것은 내화성능이 없는 것으로 나타났고, 내화피복(Fireproof covered)된 난방관은 약 30분 정도의 내화성능이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 화재뮬레이션 결과는 실물화재시험시의 화재하중(Fire load)을 입력하여 실시한 결과로서 최고온도가 $943^{\circ}C$로 실물화재실험시의 $932^{\circ}C$와 거의 일치 하였다. 따라서 공동구 화재하중만으로 화재시뮬레이션을 실시하여 화재성상에 대한 예측이 가능한 것으로 판단되며 시뮬레이션으로 얻은 열방출률(Heat release rate), 연기층의 높이, 산소(O2), 일산화탄소(CO), 이산화탄소(CO2)의 농도 등의 결과 값들은 실제 화재실험시의 값으로 적용시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단된다. 향후 본 연구에서 구축한 국내 지하공동구 화재사고에 대한 실험자료 및 매년 지속적으로 화재사례들을 분석하여 축적하고 법 규정 및 관리 메뉴얼 등을 보완함으로써 국내 지하공동구 화재사고에 대한 보다 신뢰성 있는 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이며, 효과적이고 체계적으로 지하공동구의 신설 및 유지 관리 보수에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.29-45
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• 2007

People in the end of life and their families suffer in their physical disease and other aspects as a whole person. They need hospice care to palliate their total suffering in physical, emotional, social and also spiritual aspect through professional hospice team. To care their whole personal needs, hospice team must be a multi-discipline team which consists of medical doctors, nurses, social workers, pastors and volunteers. Recently those who die in hospice palliative care unit have trend to increase more than in home year by year. So it is necessary to develop the nursing intervention program to be performed by multi-discipline team approach for in-patient of hospice palliative care unit. The purposes of this study were to develop of wholistic hospice nursing intervention program for inpatient of hospice palliative care unit. The subjects of study were collected from 30 patients those who were over 18 years old and admitted in hospice palliative care unit of S hospital in P city with agreement in hospice palliative care in their terminal disease. The period of data collection was from December 15, 2003 to March 15, 2004. The result were as follows : 1. The result of Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program's development was as follow : A Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program was developed by me in this study is one of the service program for hospice palliative care unit. It was named as ‘Rainbow Program’ to be approached easily by hospice patients. The purposes of it are to improve the quality of life of the terminal patients with their dignity, to help them live in abundant and meaningful in their lives, to care them in peaceful in dying process with understanding them in whole personal, and also to palliate the grief and suffering of the bereaved. It was provided by hospice professionals(nurses, medical doctors, social worker, pastors, art therapists) and volunteers those who were educated in hospice for multi-diciplinary team approach to collaborate with each role play I 20-30 minuters of each through visiting their rooms individually and a place of hospice palliative care unit of S hospital in P city. The subjects of it were the terminal patients those who admitted hospice palliative care unit and their familes. with agreement in hospice palliative care in their terminal disease. The characteristics of it were multi-disciplinary team approach, whole personal care, individual care and total care according to their needs in their condition. The contents of it were pain control, symptom control, counseling patient, counseling family, hair cutting, hair shampooing, bed bath, recreation, taking a walk, event of culture(screen, recital, festival of praises, exhibition and so on), pastoral counseling, ritual service in bed, praying, service in bed, sing a worship praise, listening to the music, sharing remembrance of life, individual visiting music service(sing and praying), meditation Bible, art therapies(dance and drawing), social worker's counselling, confessing and sharing love and thanksgiving. The experimental group subjects participated in Wholistic Hospice Nursing Program which takes 120 minutes per session, total 10 sessions(total 1,200 minutes) altogether. In conclusion, this Wholistic Hospice Nursing Intervention can be used actively for whole personal well-being of the patients in hospice palliative in hospice palliative care unit and also applied in hospice practice as an useful model of multi-disciplinary team approach by hospice professionals.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2002

The need for ready-to-wear clothing increases as the problem comes to arise from the fit of custommade clothing due to the characteristics of middle-aged women's somatotype. At this point of time, a study on the realities of production of custom-made clothing in middle-aged women's clothing business firms is of very greatly significance. Therefore, this study was intended to identify the problem and improvements through the survey research of production of custom-made clothing in middle-aged women's clothing business firms and further present the plan for development of custom-made clothing business. The questionnaire was framed based on the contents extracted from the preliminary questionnaire research for the pattern section chief of each business firm. Collected data were statistically processed using the SPSS 10.0 Windows program. As a result, the following findings were obtained: 1. The target age of the middle-aged women's clothing business firms ranged from more than 45 years to less than 50 years of age. Clothing business firms much made inroads into the ready-to-wear clothing market largely in the 1980s and the 1990s. Their active entry into the custom-made clothing market occurred in the 1970s and the 1980s. 2. In terms of the clothing production method of middle-aged women's clothing firms, some private boutique and designer brand clothing firms entered the clothing market with a focus on custom-made clothing in the beginning of its organization and introduced the production method of ready-to-wear clothing in accordance with changes in production methods and consumers' needs and wants. National brand clothing firms manufactured clothing with a focus on ready-to-wear clothing from the beginning of its organization, but at last they manufactured both partial custom-made and whole custom-made as the problem arose from ready-to-wear clothing. Seeing that their clothing production showed the ratio readyto-wear to custom-made clothing of 2.58:1. And it was found that the manufacture of ready-to-wear and custom-made clothing took into consideration the great difference in the pattern, size and design plan. The research of the clothing production process showed that whole custom-made and partial custommade were distinguished according to whether or not the sample was presented. 3. The ready-to-wear pattern of middle-aged women's clothing firms were used with a focus on the 'patternmaker-developed pattern' and company-developed pattern'. Most clothing businesses produced clothing in 4 to 5 basic sizes, which is found to be insufficient to complement the physical characteristics of middle-aged women with many specific somatotypes. In the pattern of custom-made clothing, the 'pattern of ready-to-wear were applied' or the 'customized pattern was developed'. Actual measurements were most used as the size of custom-made, and accordingly it is predicted that the level of satisfaction is higher with the fit of custom-made clothing than that of ready-to-wear. The selling place and the head office showed the similar percent as the place for measuring the size of custom-made clothing. Size measurers were mostly the shop master. And it was found that most clothing business firms had a problem when the measured size was applied to the pattern. Accordingly, it is necessary to provide education on size measurement for shop masters. 4. It was found that in the middle-aged women's clothing firms, the pattern correction of the length of sleeve, jacket and slacks occupied the highest percent. Accordingly, it is necessary to provide for the size system to complement the accurate somatotype characteristics of middle-aged women. 5. In custom-made clothing customer management, most firms engaged in customer somatotype management through size management. They provided customers with commodity information by informing them of the sales and event period and practiced human management for customers by maintaining the get-together and friendly relationship. 6. Middle-aged women's clothing businesses responded that it would be necessary to improve the fit of custom-made clothing and complement their pursuit for individuality as the plan to improve its quality. In consequence, it suggests that middle-aged women's clothing businesses should provide middle-aged women with the clothing of better-suited size and refined design. Middle-aged women's clothing businesses responded that it was the most urgent task to form the custom-made clothing manufacturing team as the plan to expand the custom-made clothing market, which is identified as their emphasis on the systematized production of custom-made clothing.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.343-357
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• 1992

Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF), a polypeptide hormone secreted primarily by activated macrophages, was originally identified on the basis of its ability to cause hemorrhagic necrosis and tumor regression in vivo. Subsequently, TNF has been shown to be an important component of the host responses to infection and cancer and may mediate the wasting syndrome known as cachexia. These systemic actions of TNF are reflected in its diverse effects on target cells in vitro. TNF initiates its diverse cellular actions by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Although TNF receptors have been identified on most of animal cells, regulation of these receptors and the mechanisms which transduce TNF receptor binding into cellular responses are not well understood. Therefore, in the present study, the mechanisms how TNF receptors are being regulated and how TNF receptor binding is being transduced into cellular responses were investigated in rat liver plasma membranes (PM) and ME-180 human cervical carcinoma cell lines. $^{125}I$-TNF bound to high ($K_d=1.51{\pm}0.35nM$)affinity receptors in rat liver PM. Solubilization of PM with 1% Triton X-100 increased both high affinity (from $0.33{\pm}0.04\;to\;1.67{\pm}0.05$ pmoles/mg protein) and low affinity (from $1.92{\pm}0.16\;to\;7.57{\pm}0.50$ pmoles/mg protein) TNF binding without affecting the affinities for TNF, suggesting the presence of a large latent pool of TNF receptors. Affinity labeling of receptors whether from PM or solubilized PM resulted in cross-linking of $^{125}I$-TNF into $M_r$ 130 kDa, 90 kDa and 66kDa complexes. Thus, the properties of the latent TNF receptors were similar to those initially accessible to TNF. To determine if exposure of latent receptors is regulated by TNF, $^{125}I$-TNF binding to control and TNF-pretreated membranes were assayed. Specific binding was increased by pretreatment with TNF (P<0.05), demonstrating that hepatic PM contains latent TNF receptors whose exposure is promoted by TNF. Homologous up-regulation of TNF receptors may, in part, be responsible for sustained hepatic responsiveness during chronic exposure to TNF. As a next step, the post-receptor events induced by TNF were examined. Although the signal transduction pathways for TNF have not been delineated clearly, the actions of many other hormones are mediated by the reversible phosphorylation of specific enzymes or target proteins. The present study demonstrated that TNF induces phosphorylation of 28 kDa protein (p28). Two dimensional soidum dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) resolved the 28kDa phosphoprotein into two isoforms having pIs of 6.2 and 6.1. The pIs and relative molecular weight of p28 were consistent with those of a previously characterized mRNA cap binding protein. mRNA cap binding proteins are a class of translation initiation factors that recognize the 7-methylguanosine cap structure found on the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs. In vitro, these proteins are defined by their specific elution from affinity columns composed of 7-methylguanosine 5'-triphosphate($m^7$GTP)-Sepharose. Affinity purification of mRNA cap binding proteins from control and TNF treated ME-180 cells proved that TNF rapidly stimulates phosphorylation of an mRNA cap binding protein. Phosphorylation occurred in several cell types that are important in vitro models of TNF action. The mRNA cap binding protein phosphorylated in response to TNF treatment was purifice, sequenced, and identified as the proto-oncogene product eukaryotic initiation factor-4E(eIF-4E). These data show that phosphorylation of a key component of the cellular translational machinery is a common early event in the diverse cellular actions of TNF.