• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2012

Ginseng has a long history of use for health enhancement, and there is some evidence from animal studies that it has a beneficial effect on cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Korean red ginseng on cognitive performance in humans. A total of 15 healthy young males with no psychiatric or cognitive problems were selected based on an interview with a board-certified psychiatrist. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of 4,500 mg red ginseng or placebo for a 2-week trial. There were 8 subjects in the red ginseng group and 7 subjects in the placebo group. All of the subjects were analyzed with the Vienna test system and a P300 event-related potential (ERP) test. There were no significant differences in the Vienna test system scores between the red ginseng group and the placebo group. In the event-related potential test, the C3 latency of the red ginseng group tended to decrease during the study period (p=0.005). After 2 wk, significant decreases were observed in the P300 latencies at Cz (p=0.008), C3 (p=0.005), C4 (p=0.002), and C mean (p=0.003) in the red ginseng group. Our results suggest that the decreased latency in ERP is associated with improved cognitive function. Further studies with a higher dosage of ginseng, a larger sample size, and a longer follow-up period are necessary to confirm the clinical efficacy of Korean red ginseng.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.377-385
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• 2002

다양한 사건들의 무대로서의 시공간 상황의 구축을 위한 정통적 시뮬레이션 기반을 개발한다. 사이버 세계의 정통성, 다시 말해 실제에 대한 논리적 충실성은 그 세계에서 일어나는 사건들의 다양성과 예측 불가성을 최대화함으로써 실현한다. 시공간에서 일어나는 사건의 시뮬레이션을 위한 지식 컴포넌트는 환경 요인, 객체, 사건, 상관관계가 있다. 자유 재량적 사건의 정통 시뮬레이션을 실현하기 위해 사건 활성화, 실행 방법과 사건 인지 함수들을 고안하였다. 본 시뮬레이션 환경에서 자주적인 에이전트들은 독자적인 존재와, 사건의 실행과 분리된 계획을 하는 능력을 가지고 있다. 사람의 의도를 반영할 수 있는 자유 재량적 사건의 정통 시뮬레이션과 관련 있는 기본적인 구성 요소들을 확인하였다. 시뮬레이션 방법의 실행 가능성을 보이기 위해 핵심적인 기술들을 중심으로 구현의 예를 보인다.

• 인지과학
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 1999

본 논문은 사건/사타에 대한 공간적 인지가 수행되는 기본적인 방식을 규명하기 위해서는 그 사건/사태에 참여하는 참가자의 위치가 가장 주요한 요인임을 주장하고, 자연언어는 공간적 인지를 표현하기 위해 비교적 "단순한" 의미유형을 사용하고 있으며, 공간표현을 해석할 때 사건/사태 전체의 위치를 지정하는 것으로 해석하지 않고, 그 참가자로 표현된 논항(arguments)의 위치를 지정하는 것으로 해석한다는 것이다. 본 논문은 장소표현이 타동사의 두 논항의 위치를 지정하는 방식을 네 가지 유형의 노항지향성(argument orientations)으로 분류하여 기술하였고, 논항지향성을 통하여 영어를 포함한 자연언어의 장소표현이 관계(relations)의 집합에서 관계의 집합으로 사상하는 교차함수(intersecting functioins)로 해석되어야 한다는 의미해석상의 제약이 있음을 밝히고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2011

Objectives : Intellectual impairment in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often associated with relatively severe cognitive dysfunction. This study was designed to investigate cognitive function using auditory and visual event-related potential P300 in children with ADHD with relatively higher and lower IQ. Methods : A total of 20 children aged 6-12 years with DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD-combined type were recruited. For 10 children with lower IQ (${\leq}$100) and 10 children with higher IQ (>100), auditory and visual P300 using oddball paradigm (target 0.2, standard 0.8, in probability) were employed. Results : No significant differences were found in P300 amplitude and latency between ADHD children with higher and lower IQ in both modalities. However, auditory P300 amplitude in the right parietal area (P8 electrode) was negatively correlated with verbal IQ in ADHD subjects (R=-.50, p<.05). Visual P300 amplitude in the left parietal area (P3 electrode) was positively correlated with performance IQ in ADHD subjects (R=.57, p<.01). Conclusion : This study suggests intellectual impairment, as evidenced by lower IQ, could not be associated with cognitive dysfunction reflected in event-related potential P300 in ADHD children. However, cognitive function reflected in intellectual subcomponents and P300 might be processed in a stimulus modality-specific and asymmetric pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2021

Electroencephalography (EEG) measures neural activation due to various cognitive processes. EEG and event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely used in studies investigating psychopathology and neural substrates of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to review recent ERP studies in child and adolescent psychiatry. ERPs are non-invasive methods for studying synaptic functions in the brain. ERP might be a candidate biomarker in child-adolescent psychiatry, considering its ability to reflect cognitive and behavioral functions in humans. For the EEG study of psychiatric diseases in children and adolescents, several ERP components have been used, such as mismatch negativity, P300, error-related negativity (ERN), and reward positivity (RewP). Regarding executive functions and inhibition in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), P300 latency, and ERN were significantly different in patients with ADHD compared to those in the healthy population. ERN showed meaningful changes in patients with anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Patients with depression showed significantly attenuated RewP compared to the healthy population, which was related to the symptoms of anhedonia.

• 인지과학
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.25-46
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• 2012

우리는 단조로운 과제를 할 때 종종 그만두고 싶은 충동을 느낀다. 이러한 중단 충동은 그 일을 얼마나 오래동안 해 왔는지(시간적 요인) 또는 수행하는 과제의 특정요소(사건 기반 요인)에 따라 달라진다. 이 연구에서는 스트룹 과제와 작업기억과제를 사용하여 시간적 요인(반복)과 사건 기반 요인(인지적 충돌)의 함수로서의 중단 충동의 변화를 살펴보았다. 최소작업의 법칙을 비롯한 최신 이론과 마찬가지로 기억 과제에서 중단 충동은 어려운 시행 다음에 더욱 큰 것으로 나타난 반면, 스트룹 과제에서는 반응이 비효율적인 시기인 수행의 초기(초심자) 단계에서만 일치 시행보다 불일치 시행 다음에 중단 충동이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이는 인지적 갈등에 대한 회피반응임을 입증하는 결과이다. 시간적 측면에서 보면 중단 충동은 초기 단계보다 후기 단계에서 더 컸다. 이러한 연구 결과는 만족 지연에 관여하는 비교적 강렬한 동기적 노력의 본질을 명확하게 설명하고 있다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.615-624
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• 2008

In this paper, the contribution of task types and error types involved in the human-related unplanned reactor trip events that have occurred between 1986 and 2006 in Korean nuclear power plants are analysed in order to establish a strategy for reducing the human-related unplanned reactor trips. Classification systems for the task types, error modes, and cognitive functions are developed or adopted from the currently available taxonomies, and the relevant information is extracted from the event reports or judged on the basis of an event description. According to the analyses from this study, the contributions of the task types are as follows: corrective maintenance (25.7%), planned maintenance (22.8%), planned operation (19.8%), periodic preventive maintenance (14.9%), response to a transient (9.9%), and design/manufacturing/installation (6.9%). According to the analysis of the error modes, error modes such as control failure (22.2%), wrong object (18.5%), omission (14.8%), wrong action (11.1 %), and inadequate (8.3%) take up about 75% of the total unplanned trip events. The analysis of the cognitive functions involved in the events indicated that the planning function had the highest contribution (46.7%) to the human actions leading to unplanned reactor trips. This analysis concludes that in order to significantly reduce human-induced or human-related unplanned reactor trips, an aide system (in support of maintenance personnel) for evaluating possible (negative) impacts of planned actions or erroneous actions as well as an appropriate human error prediction technique, should be developed.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2001

Background : Nervous system dysfunction is a major complication of end stage renal disease. Although severe neurologic symptoms are partially or completely reversed by adequate hemodialysis, even optimally dialyzed patients will usually not return to normal neurocognitive function. To investigate the influence of chronic renal failure and hemodialysis on higher cognitive function electrophysiologically, we studied auditory P300 event-related potentials in 14 hemodialysis patients and 14 age- and sex-matched normal healthy controls. Methods : The subjects consisted of 14 patients(M: 6, F: 8) with chronic renal failure(CRF) for 1 to 10 years and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy controls(M: 5, F: 9). For the reliability of study, patients with diabetes mellitus, abnormal brain CT findings, or low mini-mental state score(below 20) were excluded. Event related potentials(ERPs) for hemodialysis patients were performed at pre- and post-hemodialysis. To obtain ERPs, subjects underwent 2-tone auditory discrimination test(oddball paradigm). Results : Although the age(control: $48.79{\pm}10.31years$, CRF: $51.21{\pm}7.61years$) and mini-mental state score(control: $27.00{\pm}1.71points$, predialysis CRF: $25.07{\pm}3.58points$) were not different in normal control and CRF groups significantly(P>0.05), P300 latencies at Cz(control: $288.11{\pm}17.36msec$, predialysis CRF: $332.35{\pm}42.34msec$) were significantly delayed(P<0.05)and the duration of Trail making test A was significantly prolonged(control: $64.2{\pm}24.2sec$, CRF: $118.9{\pm}101sec$) in CRF group. P300 latencies between pre- and post-hemodialysis CRF patients(predialysis CRF: $332.35{\pm}42.34msec$, postdialysis CRF: $325.82{\pm}38.69msec$) were not significantly different. The P300 latency was not related with the duration of CRF(Spearman's correlation test, r=0.25, P>0.05) and the frequency of hemodialysis(Spearman's correlation test, r=0.28, P>0.05). Conclusions : From these results, we suggest that P300 latency is valuable in evaluating cognitive brain dysfunction in patients with CRF and hemodialysis does not have a significant effect on cognitive brain dysfunction in patients with CRF.

• 중국학논총
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• 제53호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2017

The grammatical meaning of "了", a marker of aspects in Mandarin has been described differently among researchers, three of which are to express the end, a certain phase of event and the start of an event or a state. This paper consists of four parts. Set out below is a summary of main points of each part. The first chapter elaborates on the results of previous related studies, points out the purpose and meaning of the current study. Chapter two introduces marked "了" including concepts of the meaning and "Done", "complete whole", "realization" Corresponds to the case study. And explains syntactic and semantic features of the "了", highlights the look "of the了" problems of syntax and semantics, "了2" made three domains Limit 3 Including of the knowledge. This chapter holds that its grammartical meaning can be described as follows an event has taken place or a state has formed prior to a certain reference time, and that the grammartical meanings mentioned above can be considered sub - grammartical meanings of "了",which result from different prominence of the phases of an event. Chapter three explains tag component of the "了1", "了2". It discusses limited constraints, first place for "了" syntactic meaning, "The End" and "extension" of the opposition for "了" is looming around the root system, "了" and "着" sentence structure and semantic and syntactic forms. Chapter four discusses bounded features of the 了. It mainly focuses on "了"of bounded / unbounded function. It analyses the functions of components and explains a bounded function of "了1" and a bounded function of "了2". Chapter five is the conclusion. It consolidates and summarises the previous contents of the paper and points out the conclusion.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권9호
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• pp.94-111
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• 2005

시각은 일상생활이나 예술작품을 이해하고 표현하는데 가장 중요한 역할을 하는 신체적 기능 중의 하나이다. 우리의 오감 중 시각을 통하여 들어오는 사물 및 공간에 대한 총체적 인지의 정보는 80% 이상이다. 이는 인간의 시각적 기능이 감각과 지각에 얼마나 많은 영향을 미치는가를 입증하는 것이며, 그 영향은 사람들에게 다양한 정서적 감응을 불러일으키게 된다. 정서는 애니메이션 작품을 구성하는데 빼놓을 수 없는 중요한 요소로서 관객의 감동을 불러일으키기 위한 여러 가지의 장치를 필요로 한다. 어떠한 사건과 상황, 시간, 공간 등의 요소들은 관객의 정서적 경험을 위한 장치들이다.