• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse the state of the energy industry and to determine the efficiency of its functioning on the basis of energy conservation principle and application of innovative technologies aimed at improving the ecological modernisation of agricultural sectors of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach of financial and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project, based on calculation of elasticity, total costs and profitability, as well as on comparative, graphical and system analysis. The current stage is characterised by widely spread restructuring processes of electric power industry in many countries through introduction of new technical installations of energy facilities and increased government regulation in order to enhance the competitive advantage of electricity market. Electric power industry features a considerable value of creating areas. For example, by providing scientific and technical progress, it crucially affects not only the development but also the territorial organisation of productive forces, first of all the industry. In modern life, more than 90% of electricity and heat is obtained by Kazakhstan's economy by consuming non-renewable energy resources: different types of coal, oil shale, oil, natural gas and peat. Therefore, it is significant to ensure energy security, as the country faces a rapid fall back to mono-gas structure of fuel and energy balance. However, energy resources in Kazakhstan are spread very unevenly. Its main supplies are concentrated in northern and central parts of the republic, and the majority of consumers of electrical power live in the southern and western areas of the country. However, energy plays an important role in the economy of industrial production and to a large extent determines the level of competitive advantage, which is a promising condition for implementation of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. In these circumstances, issues of modernisation and reforms of this sector in Kazakhstan gain more and more importance, which can be seen in the example of economically sustainable solutions of a large local monopoly company, significant savings in capital investment and efficiency of implementation of an investment project. A major disadvantage of development of electricity distribution companies is the prevalence of very high moral and physical amortisation of equipment, reaching almost 70-80%, which significantly increases the operating costs. For example, while an investment of 12 billion tenge was planned in 2009 in this branch, in 2012 it is planned to invest more than 17 billion. Obviously, despite the absolute increase, the rate of investment is still quite low, as the total demand in this area is at least more than 250 billion tenge. In addition, industrial infrastructure, including the objects of Kazakhstan electric power industry, have a tangible adverse impact on the environment. Thus, since there is a large number of various power projects that are sources of electromagnetic radiation, the environment is deteriorated. Hence, there is a need to optimise the efficiency of the organisation and management of production activities of energy companies, to create and implement new technologies, to ensure safe production and provide solutions to various environmental aspects. These are key strategic factors to ensure success of the modern energy sector of Kazakhstan. The contribution of authors in developing the scope of this subject is explained by the fact that there was not enough research in the energy sector, especially in the view of ecological modernisation. This work differs from similar works in Kazakhstan in the way that the proposed method of investment project calculation takes into account the time factor, which compares the current and future value of profit from the implementation of innovative equipment that helps to bring it to actual practise. The feasibility of writing this article lies in the need of forming a public policy in the industrial sector, including optimising the structure of energy disbursing rate, which complies with the terms of future modernised development of the domestic energy sector.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제44호
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• pp.7-35
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• 2015

본 논문은 관광이 기간산업인 호주 퀸즐랜드주를 대상으로 민간시큐리티 산업의 선진화 과정과 제도적 개선점 등에 대해 검토하였다. 90년대 중반을 기점으로 단계적으로 진행된 제1,2차 개혁과정의 검토를 통해 제도운영상의 종합적인 성과 및 개선사항을 점검하였으며, 사례분석을 통해 도출한 시사점은 Button(2012)과 Prenzler와 Sarre (2014)가 제시한 표준모델(Best Practice Model)에 대입하여 개선방안을 논의하였는데, 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 퀸즐랜드주는 연방정부의 시큐리티 사업자 규제 권고안을 충실히 이행하고 있으나 현장에서의 실시간 음주 약물 측정, 정신장애정도에 대한 감정, 경비 사업자 측근(close associates)에 대한 프로파일링 등과 같은 선제적 규제기법은 케이스-바이-케이스로 운용중이어서 보다 적극적인 쇄신이 요구된다. 둘째, 퀸즐랜드주 시큐리티 자문업 기계경비업자들의 경우 교육 훈련 과정 이수의 법적의무가 없어 자율준수로 운영되는 현행 커리큘럼의 의무화 방안 역시 재고되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 퀸즐랜드주 시큐리티사업자에 대한 현장관리감독은 관광특구에 크게 집중되어 있어 관리당국인 공정거래청(Fair Trading)에서 그 범위를 확대하는 등 능동적인 개입이 필요하다고 판단된다. 호주 시큐리티서비스 산업이 한국에 주는 의미 있는 시사점으로는 첫째, 교육훈련의 표준화 공인화와 같은 지속적인 제도정비 개선노력 둘째, 이 같은 시큐리티산업의 전략적 육성과 경쟁력 향상 도모를 통한 민 경 공조체계의 실효성 강화 등을 대표적으로 꼽을 수 있다. 국내에서는 사경비자격제도에 해당하는 산업보안관리사, 공인탐정사 등의 전문자격증이 정부산하 협회 혹은 민간단체 등에서 발급되는 관계로 일관성 신뢰성에 대한 문제가 제기되어 왔고 공신력 부여 방안에 대한 논의 또한 지속되어 온 것이 사실이다. 따라서 호주의 모범선행사례를 참조하여 자격제도 관리 운영의 노하우 활용방안에 대한 체계적 접근을 모색해 볼 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.39-53
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• 2012

기업에 경쟁우위를 가져다주는 많은 자원들 중에서 특히 지식(knowledge)은 생산 활동을 위해 다른 자원을 변화시키거나 확보할 수 있도록 만드는 중요한 자원으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 조직 내 지식은 다양한 형태로 존재하고, 다양한 장소나 개인에게 산재해 있기 때문에, 이를 통합하고 체계적으로 활용하기 위한 기업의 전사적 관리 활동이 필요하다. 특히 지식관리시스템(KMS: knowledge management systems)은 조직 내 지식을 창조하고, 공유하고, 적절히 사용함으로써 지식관리 프로세스를 지원하고 조직이 가진 지식자원의 가치를 극대화하여 기업의 학습조직화와 성과 증진을 이끌 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 국내 대표적인 프랜차이즈 기업인 파리바게뜨의 성공적인 지식관리시스템운영 사례를 분석하여 프랜차이즈 기업들의 지식경영을 강화 및 지식관리시스템(KMS) 구축과 개선을 위한 구체적인 시사점을 제안하고자 하였다. 결과적으로 최고경영층의 관심과 지원, 능동적인 지식 공유와 활용을 위한 학습조직 문화, 네트워크 활성화를 통한 지식의 변환, 정보기술, 지식경영의 내재화를 위한 촉진제도와 보상이라는 5가지 주요 요인이 프랜차이즈 기업의 지식관리시스템의 성공적 운영을 위해 반드시 고려되어야 하는 요인임을 밝혀낼 수 있었다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.3-43
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• 2018

The emergence of a multi-door courthouse is related with a couple of reasons as follows: First, a multi-door courthouse was originally initiated by the United States government that increasingly became impatient with the pace and cost of protracted litigation clogging the courts. Second, dockets of courts are overcrowded with legal suits, making it difficult for judges to handle those legal suits in time and causing delays in responding to citizens' complaints. Third, litigation is not suitable for the disputant that has an ongoing relationship with the other party. In this case, even if winning is achieved in the short run, it may not be all that was hoped for in the long run. Fourth, international organizations such as the World Bank, UNDP, and Asia Development Bank urge to provide an increased access to women, residents, and the poor in local communities. The generic model of a multi-door courthouse consists of three stages: The first stage includes a center offering intake services, along with an array of dispute resolution services under one roof. At the second stage, the screening unit at the center would diagnose citizen disputes, then refer the disputants to the appropriate door for handling the case. At the third stage, the multi-door courthouse provides diverse kinds of dispute resolution programs such as mediation, arbitration, mediation-arbitration (med-arb), litigation, and early neutral evaluation. This study suggests the extended model of multi-door courthouse comprised of five layers: intake process, diagnosis and door-selection process, neutral-selection process, implementation process of dispute resolution, and process of training and education. One of the major characteristics of extended multi-door courthouse model is the detailed specification of individual department corresponding to each process within a multi-door courthouse. The intake department takes care of the intake process. The screening department plays the role of screening disputes, diagnosing the nature of disputes, and determining a suitable door to handle disputes. The human resources department manages experts through the construction and management of the data base of mediators, arbitrators, and judges. The administration bureau manages the implementation of each process of dispute resolution. The education and training department builds long-term planning to procure neutrals and experts dealing with various kinds of disputes within a multi-door courthouse. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish networks among courts, law schools, and associations of scholars in order to facilitate the supply of manpower in ADR neutrals, as well as judges in the long run. This study also provides six case studies of multi-door courthouses across continents in order to grasp the worldwide picture and wide spread phenomena of multi-door courthouse. For this purpose, the United States and Latin American countries including Argentina and Brazil, Middle Eastern countries, and Southeast Asian countries (such as Malaysia and Myanmar), Australia, and Nigeria were chosen. It was found that three kinds of patterns are discernible during the evolution of a multi-door courthouse model. First, the federal courts of the United States, land and environment court in Australia, and Lagos multi-door courthouse in Nigeria may maintain the prototype of a multi-door courthouse model. Second, the judicial systems in Latin American countries tend to show heterogenous patterns in terms of the adaptation of a multi-door courthouse model to their own environments. Some court systems of Latin American countries including those of Argentina and Brazil resemble the generic model of a multi-door courthouse, while other countries show their distinctive pattern of judicial system and ADR systems. Third, it was found that legal pluralism is prevalent in Middle Eastern countries and Southeast Asian countries. For example, Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia have developed various kinds of dispute resolution methods, such as sulh (mediation), tahkim (arbitration), and med-arb for many centuries, since they have been situated at the state of tribe or clan instead of nation. Accordingly, they have no unified code within the territory. In case of Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar and Malaysia, they have preserved a strong tradition of customary laws such as Dhammthat in Burma, and Shriah and the Islamic law in Malaysia for a long time. On the other hand, they incorporated a common law system into a secular judicial system in Myanmar and Malaysia during the colonial period. Finally, this article proposes a couple of factors to strengthen or weaken a multi-door courthouse model. The first factor to strengthen a multi-door courthouse model is the maintenance of flexibility and core value of alternative dispute resolution. We also find that fund raising is important to build and maintain the multi-door courthouse model, reflecting the fact that there has been a competition surrounding the allocation of funds within the judicial system.

• 기록학연구
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• 제12호
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• pp.137-178
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• 2005

The anticommunist guerrillas' activities that aretheconcern of this article took place largely in North Korea or behind the enemy-held lines. Verifying their history is accordingly difficult and requires careful attention, but despite their active operations the military as well as the scholarly community have been lax in studying them. The Korean War came to be perceived as a traditional, limited war with regular battles, so that the studies addressed mostly the regular operations, and guerrilla warfare is remembered as an almost 'exclusive property' of the communist invaders; a small wonder that the anticommunist guerrillas have not been studied much and the collection of materials neglected. Therefore, in contrast with the witness accounts concerning regular battles, witness resources were of a small volume about these "patriots without the service numbers." For the above reasons the guerrilla participants and their later-organized fellowships took to the task of leaving records and compiling the histories of their units. They became active preservers of history in order to inform later generations of their works and also to secure deserved benefits from the government, in a world where none recognized their achievements. For instance, 4th Donkey Unit published witness accounts in addition to a unit history, and left video-recordings of guerrilla witnesses before any institute systematized the oral history of the guerrillas. In the case of Kyulsa ("Resolved to Die") Guerrilla Unit, the unit history was 10 times revised and expanded upon for publication, contributing substantially to the recovery of anticommunist guerrilla history which had almost totally lacked documented resources. Now because the guerrilla-related witness accounts were produced through fellowship societies and not individually, it often took the form of 'collective memory.' As a result, though thousands of former guerrillas remain surviving, the scarcity of numerous versions of, or perspectives upon, an event renders difficult an objective approach to the historical truth. Even requests to verify the service of a guerrilla member or to apply for decoration or government benefits for those killed in action, the process is taken care of not at the hands of the first party but the veteran society, so that a variety of opinions are not available for consideration. Moreover, some accounts were taken by American military personnel, and since some historians, unaware of official documents or evaluation of achievements, tended to center the records around their own units and especially to exaggerate the units' performances, they often featured factual errors. Thefollowing is the means to utilize positively the aforementioned type of witness accounts in military history research. It involves the active use of military historical detachments (MHD). As in the examples of those dispatched by the American forces during the Korean War, experts should be dispatched during, and not just after, wartimes. By considering and investigating the differences among various perspectives on the same historical event, even without extra documented resources it is possibleto arrive at theerrors or questionable points of the oral accounts, supplementing the additional accounts. Therefore any time lapses between witness accounts must be kept in consideration. Moreover when the oral accounts come from a group such as participants in the same guerrilla unit or operation, a standardized list of items ought to be put to use. Education in oral history is necessary not just for the training of experts. In America wherethefield sees much activity, it is used not only in college or graduate programs but also in elementary and lifetime educational processes. In comparison in our nation, and especially in historical disciplines, methodological insistence upon documented evidences prevails in the main, and in the fields of nationalist movement or modern history, oral accounts do not receive adequate attention. Like ancient documents and monuments, oral history also needs to be made a regular part of diverse resource materials at our academic institutes for history. Courses in memory and history, such as those in American colleges, are available possibilities.

• 대중서사연구
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.45-86
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• 2020

이 글의 목적은 70년대 국가권력에 의해 소환되었던 전통 이념이 '전통의 현대화'라는 명목 아래 당대 한국연극 현장에 수용되었던 양상과 그 함의를 밝히려는데 있다. 이는 다른 한편 70년대 전통 논의를 둘러싼 한국연극계의 자기검열의 양상을 비판적으로 검토하는 작업이기도 하다. 이를 위해 이 글에서는 민족극을 창안하는 방식으로 70년대 한국연극계의 전통 논의를 선점했던 극단 민예극장의 활동을 살펴보았다. 이제까지 70년대 극단 민예극장에 대한 평가는 전통의 계승과 변용을 내세운 허규의 연출 작업을 바탕으로 공연예술적 성취 여부에 집중되었다. 하지만 70년대 국가가 주도한 문화정치의 장(場)에서 구성된 전통 이념과 그것이 작동된 양상은 예술적 성취라는 측면에서만 평가할 수 없다. 무릇 전통을 전유하려 한 주체의 선택적 기준에 따라 전통 이념은 선별되고, 선별된 전통 이념의 선택 과정에서 특정 대상들이 배제, 폐기, 재선별, 재해석, 재인식된다. 70년대 비문화로 호명되었던 서구적인 것이나 퇴폐불온한 것과의 차이 속에서, 전통이 전유되었던 70년대의 상황도 이로부터 멀리 있지 않다. 국가가 주도한 70년대의 전통 논의는 전통의 특정 이념을 안정된 가치로 합법화했는데, 그것을 작동시킨 한 방식은 국가의 문예지원이었다. 70년대 극단 민예극장은 당시 연극 위기론의 구체적 대안으로 선택되었던 전통의 현대화를 바탕으로 민족극을 지향했다. 그것은 구체적으로 전통연희의 계승과 변용이라는 방식으로 구현되었는바, 특히 극단 민예 극장의 대표 연출가 허규에게 전통은 거부할 수 없는 안정적 가치였고 그것의 계승과 변용은 의심할 바 없는 소명으로 내면화되었다. 그 결과 허규가 연출한 극단 민예극장의 공연은 일정한 성취에도 불구하고 과도한 전통연희의 관습들로 채워진 숙련된 장인술로 귀착되었다. 70년대의 전통 이념은 80년대 들어 새로운 전유의 양상으로 전개된다. 1986년 극단 민예극장의 핵심 단원이었던 손진책, 김성녀, 윤문식 등은 민예극장을 탈퇴하여 극단 미추를 만든다. 극단 미추는 연출가 손진책을 중심으로 풍자와 해학이 넘치는 마당놀이를 선보이며 전통의 대중화를 끌어냈다. 전통연희에 내재된 민중의 저항정신을 전통적 가치로 전유했던 대학가의 마당극처럼, 손진책의 마당놀이는 풍자와 해학을 통해 위압적인 국가권력을 비판하고 조롱함으로써 대중적 인기를 끌었다. 70년대 전통 논의의 자장 안에서, 민중의 저항정신을 전통적 가치로 전유하며 자생한 마당극이나 전통의 대중화를 성취한 극단 미추의 마당 놀이는 예술적 성취로써만 평가되지 않는다. 마찬가지로 전통의 계승과 변용이라는 측면에서 70년대 극단 민예극장이 성취한 것 역시 70년대 전통이 소환되었던 맥락을 제외하고 독립적으로 평가될 수 없다. 70년대 국가 주도의 전통 논의에 대응한 한국연극 평단의 시각이 예술성을 바탕으로 한 공연예술의 질적 성취에만 집중된 대목이 아쉬운 것은 그 때문이다. 이 글에서는 이런 맥락을 비판적으로 검토하고, 이를 바탕으로 70년대 극단 민예극장의 활동을 중심으로 당대 한국연극계의 전통 논의와 그 실천 양상을 살펴보았다. 결과적으로 70년대 극단 민예극장의 활동이 한 계기로 작용했을 대중적 마당놀이나 민중저항의 마당극은 70년대 극단 민예극장이 전통을 전유하는 방식, 곧 전통의 계승과 현대적 변용과의 '차이' 속에 정립되었다. 계기는 되었으나 그에 따른 유의미한 차이를 지속적으로 생산해내지 못한 점, 이것이 극단 민예극장의 '전통'이 70년대 한국연극사에서 차지하는 의미이자 한계이다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1-32
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• 2008

기업연상(corporate association)이 제품 평가(product responses)에 어떻게 영향을 미치는 가에 대한 연구가 부진하다는 Brown and Dacin(1997)의 문제 제기가 있은 후, 기업연상이 제품 판단에 미치는 영향과 과정에 대한 조절변수와 매개변수들을 파악하려는 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 기업연상의 두가지 유형인 CA(corporate ability) 연상과 CSR(corporate social responsibility) 연상이 성능과 재무위험에 미치는 영향력과 그 영향력을 조절하는 변수들을 조사하였다. 분석 결과에 의하면, 주효과(main effects)에 있어서는, 가설에서 기대한 바와 같이 CA 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 유의한 영향력을 갖는 것으로 나타난 반면, CSR 연상은 성능위험과 재무위험에 대해 유의한 영향력을 갖지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 조절변수로 인한 상호작용효과와 관련해서는, CA 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 미치는 주효과에 대해 제품범주 지식과 관여는 각각 유의한 조절효과를 나타내었다. 하지만, CSR 연상이 성능위험과 재무위험에 미치는 주효과에 대해서는 제품범주 지식과 관여의 조절효과는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통하여 제품의 기능적인 속성에 대한 정보가 부족한 제품에 대해 소비자가 지각하는 위험을 감소시키기 위하여, 기업은 CSR 연상보다는 CA 연상에 대해 강조할 필요가 있다는 결론을 내리게 되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제84권4호
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• pp.263-273
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• 2021

Cough is the most common respiratory symptom that can have various causes. It is a major clinical problem that can reduce a patient's quality of life. Thus, clinical guidelines for the treatment of cough were established in 2014 by the cough guideline committee under the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases. From October 2018 to July 2020, cough guidelines were revised by members of the committee based on the first guidelines. The purpose of these guidelines is to help clinicians efficiently diagnose and treat patients with cough. This article highlights the recommendations and summary of the revised Korean cough guidelines. It includes a revised algorithm for the evaluation of acute, subacute, and chronic cough. For a chronic cough, upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), cough variant asthma (CVA), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) should be considered in differential diagnoses. If UACS is suspected, first-generation antihistamines and nasal decongestants can be used empirically. In cases with CVA, inhaled corticosteroids are recommended to improve cough. In patients with suspected chronic cough due to symptomatic GERD, proton pump inhibitors are recommended. Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, lung cancer, aspiration, intake of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, intake of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, habitual cough, psychogenic cough, interstitial lung disease, environmental and occupational factors, tuberculosis, obstructive sleep apnea, peritoneal dialysis, and unexplained cough can also be considered as causes of a chronic cough. Chronic cough due to laryngeal dysfunction syndrome has been newly added to the guidelines.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.605-619
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• 2014

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2013. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of fluid machinery, pipes and relative parts including orifices, dampers and ducts, fuel cells and power plants, cooling and air-conditioning, heat and mass transfer, two phase flow, and the flow around buildings and structures. Research issues dealing with home appliances, flows around buildings, nuclear power plant, and manufacturing processes are newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for general analytical model for desiccant wheels, the effects of water absorption on the thermal conductivity of insulation materials, thermal properties of Octadecane/xGnP shape-stabilized phase change materials and $CO_2$ and $CO_2$-Hydrate mixture, effect of ground source heat pump system, the heat flux meter location for the performance test of a refrigerator vacuum insulation panel, a parallel flow evaporator for a heat pump dryer, the condensation risk assessment of vacuum multi-layer glass and triple glass, optimization of a forced convection type PCM refrigeration module, surface temperature sensor using fluorescent nanoporous thin film. In the area of pool boiling and condensing heat transfer, researches on ammonia inside horizontal smooth small tube, R1234yf on various enhanced surfaces, HFC32/HFC152a on a plain surface, spray cooling up to critical heat flux on a low-fin enhanced surface were actively carried out. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on a fin tube type adsorber, the mass-transfer kinetics of a fin-tube-type adsorption bed, fin-and-tube heat exchangers having sine wave fins and oval tubes, louvered fin heat exchanger were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, studies are categorized into three groups namely refrigeration cycle, refrigerant and modeling and control. In the category of refrigeration cycle, studies were focused on the enhancement or optimization of experimental or commercial systems including a R410a VRF(Various Refrigerant Flow) heat pump, a R134a 2-stage screw heat pump and a R134a double-heat source automotive air-conditioner system. In the category of refrigerant, studies were carried out for the application of alternative refrigerants or refrigeration technologies including $CO_2$ water heaters, a R1234yf automotive air-conditioner, a R436b water cooler and a thermoelectric refrigerator. In the category of modeling and control, theoretical and experimental studies were carried out to predict the performance of various thermal and control systems including the long-term energy analysis of a geo-thermal heat pump system coupled to cast-in-place energy piles, the dynamic simulation of a water heater-coupled hybrid heat pump and the numerical simulation of an integral optimum regulating controller for a system heat pump. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty one studies were conducted to achieve effective design of the mechanical systems, and also to maximize the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included heating and cooling, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment is mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment are related to infiltration, ventilation, leak flow and airtightness performance in residential building. The subjects of building energy are worked on energy saving, operation method and optimum operation of building energy systems. The remained studies are related to the special facility such as cleanroom, internet data center and biosafety laboratory. water supply and drain system, defining standard input variables of BIM (Building Information Modeling) for facility management system, estimating capability and providing operation guidelines of subway station as shelter for refuge and evaluation of pollutant emissions from furniture-like products.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.492-507
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• 2010

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2009. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends of thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general thermal and fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, and new and renewable energy. Various topics were covered in the field of general thermal and fluid flow such as an expander, a capillary tube, the flow of micro-channel water blocks, the friction and anti-wear characteristics of nano oils with mixtures of refrigerant oils, etc. Research issues mainly focused on the design of micro-pumps and fans, the heat resistance reliability of axial smoke exhaust fans, and hood systems in the field of fluid machinery and piping. Studies on ground water sources were executed concerning two well type geothermal heat pumps and multi-heat pumps in the field of new and renewable energy. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the heat transfer in thermoelectric cooling systems, refrigerants, evaporators, dryers, desiccant rotors. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on high temperature ceramic heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, frosting on fins of heat exchangers were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, papers were presented on alternative refrigerants, system improvements, and the utilization of various energy sources. Refrigeration systems with alternative refrigerants such as hydrocarbons, mixed refrigerants, and $CO_2$ were studied. Efforts to improve the performance of refrigeration systems were made applying various ideas of suction line heat exchangers, subcooling bypass lines and gas injection systems. Studies on heat pump systems using unutilized energy sources such as river water, underground water, and waste heat were also reported. (4) Research trend in the field of mechanical building facilities has been found to be mainly focused on field applications rather than performance improvements. In the area of cogeneration systems, papers on energy and economic analysis, LCC analysis and cost estimating were reported. Studies on ventilation and heat recovery systems introduced the effect on fire and smoke control, and energy reduction. Papers on district cooling and heating systems dealt with design capacity evaluation, application plan and field application. Also, the maintenance and management of building service equipments were presented for HVAC systems. (5) In the field of architectural environment, various studies were carried to improve indoor air quality and to analyze the heat load characteristics of buildings by energy simulation. These studies helped to understand the physics related to building load characteristics and to improve the quality of architectural environment where human beings reside in.