• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.961-963
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• 2000

Most of the application standard of the low-voltage devices have applied one the IEC standard another the UL standard. European union applied the IEC60947-1 standard has not exceed 1000V a.c. or 1500V d.c.. Therefore. it is necessary to the low-voltage device has expended for rated operational voltage with our products. The export of European market shall be made for the CE-Marking in accordance with IEC60947-1 ( Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear). We shall be considered for the requirement with the IEC standard. In this time to study for power supply system at EU ( European union. At that time for design and development in order to the construction and test method among the study for the rated insulation voltage at less then 690V.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2004

국내 원예산업의 발달에 따라 다양한 종류의 배지 이용이 급속히 증가되고 있다. 현재 국내에서 사용중인 유기성 배지에는 피트모스, 코이어, 바크, 왕겨, 톱밥 등이 있으며, 무기성 배지로는 펄라이트, 버미큘라이트, 암면, 클레이볼 등이 있다. 본 연구는 유럽표준배지분석방법에 따라 원예용 배지를 분석하여 이들의 물리화학적 특성을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 국내에서 사용 중인 몇 가지 배지를 분석한 결과, 유기성 배지인 피트모스, 코이어, 바크, 톱밥, 왕겨는 종류, 원산지, 가공방법 등에 따라, 무기성 배지인 펄라이트, 버미플라이트, 입상암면, 클레이볼은 종류, 입자크기 등에 따라 이들의 물리화학적 특성의 차이를 보였다. 앞으로 유럽 표준분석방법 뿐만 아니라 국내 표준배지분석법에 따라 더 많은 배지재료와 혼합배지 및 상토를 분석함으로써 국내 배지분석법의 정립, 이상적인 배지의 기준 제시, 두 분석방법간의 환산인자확보 등의 연구가 요구된다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 IPTV 멀티캐스팅 서비스에서 네트워크 부하증가에 따른 영상품질을 평가하기 위해 유럽형 디지털 영상품질 표준 측정규격인 ETSI(European Telecommunication Standard Institute) TR 101 290을 이용하여 실험 측정한 결과를 제출하였다. 실험결과를 통해 IPTV에서의 영상품질과 ETSI TR 101 290 측정방식과는 밀접한 상관관계가 있음을 증명하였고 기존의 영상품질 평가방식에서 알 수 없었던 요소를 정확하게 평가할 수 있음을 증명하였다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.222-228
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• 2015

To evaluate the natural decay durability of valuable domestic softwoods which are used for preservative treatment in our country, we carried out decay test by European standard method. Of all test wood species, Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) showed slightly high natural decay durability compared to other 4 wood species, Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), and scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). However, all of evaluated domestic softwood species in this study caused high weight losses over about 30% in heartwood by test fungus, Poria placenta. We can hardly expect a good natural decay durability from these softwood species. According to the classification of the natural durability of European standard (EN 350-1), they are classified into "Not durable" or "Slightly durable". Therefore, if using these softwoods as exterior materials, we must do preservative treatment to ensure durability.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2001

원예용 배지의 물리화학적 특성을 파악하기 위해 전세계적으로 다양한 분석 방법이 사용되고 있다. 유럽은 배지 분석방법의 표준화 연구를 지속적으로 수행해왔다. 유럽표준화 위원회에서는 유럽표준방법으로 CEN methods를 최종안까지 제출하였으며 사실상 유럽표준 배지분석방법의 제정을 확립하는 단계에 있다. 물리적 특성 중 건물함량과 수분함량은 건조 후 분석하였고, 실험 가밀도는 일정한 부피에 채워진 시료의 무게로 측정하였다. 가밀도, 진밀도, 공극률, 액상, 기상, 부피 감소율은 double ring과 sand suction table이라는 장치를 사용하여 배지를 포화, 배수시킨 후 건조시켜 분석하였다. 화학적 특성 중 pH와 EC는 부피 기준 1:5로 침출하여 분석하였다. 유기물과 회분함량은 건조와 연소 과정을 통해 분석하였다. CEN methods는 유럽표준방법으로 확립을 앞두고 있으나 더 지속적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제33권2호통권130호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2005

Formaldehyde emissions from wood-based panels bonded with pine and wattle tannin-based adhesives, urea-formaldehyde resin (UF), melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF), and co-polycondensed resin of urea-melamine-formaldehyde (UMF) were measured by the Japanese standard method using a desiccator (JIS A 1460) and the EN 120 (European Committee For Standardization, 1991) method using the perforator value. In formaldehyde emission, all particleboards made using the wattle tannin-based adhesive with three different hardeners, paraformaldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine, and tris(hydroxyl)nitromethan (TN), satisfied the requirements of grade $E_1$. But only those made using the pine tannin-based adhesive with the hexamine as hardener met the grade $E_1$ requirements. Hexamine was effective in reducing formaldehyde emission in tannin-based adhesives when used as the hardener. While the UF resin showed a desiccator value of $7.1mg/{\ell}$ and a perforator value of 12.1 mg/100 g, the MF resin exhibited a desiccator value of $0.6mg/{\ell}$ and a perforator value of 2.9 mg/100 g. According to the Japanese Industrial Standard and the European Standard, the formaldehyde emission level of the MDF panels made with UF resin in this study came under grade $E_2$. The formaldehyde emission level was dramatically reduced by the addition of MF resin. The desiccator and perforator methods produced proportionally equivalent results. Gas chromatography, a more sensitive and advanced method, was also used. The samples for gas chromatography were gathered during the experiment involving the perforator method. The formaldehyde contents measured by gas chromatography were directly proportional to the perforator values.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.279-291
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare old standard EN 954-1 and new standard EN ISO 13849-1 through case study and provide necessity of adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 in Korea. Background: International and EU harmonized standard EN ISO 13849 "safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control system" is classified into Part 1: General principles for design and Part 2: Validation. EN ISO 13849-1 standard was introduced in Official Journal of the European Union on September 8, 2009 as harmonized standard, and old standard EN 954-1 was withdrawn on December 31, 2011. So, EU decided to use of EN ISO 13849-1 standard forcibly from January 1, 2012 for safety of machinery. New machines need to be CE marked if they are to be placed on the market in the European Economic Area(EEA), Switzerland or Turkey, and Korean machine builder should apply EN ISO 3849-1 standard for safety of machinery accordingly. However, current Korean Safety Certification system(KCs mark) for dangerous machinery is not referred to EN ISO 13849-1 standard as safety standard. There is a need of research for adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 standard in Korea as safety standards for new design of safety-related control system which use mostly electronic components. Method: Five case studies of representative designs for safety-related control system in accordance with EN 954-1were selected according to safety category from B to 4. And these five representative designs were tried to change new design in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1 standard. The results of comparison were analyzed in aspect of economy and technical complexity. Results: The results showed that EN ISO 13849-1 provided quantitative method of application and it enabled designers to create safety-related control systems that require fewer components and less wiring, with many of the components being to a lower specification and, therefore, less costly. Conclusion: EN ISO 13849-1 standard is good for electronic safety-related control systems compare to EN 954-1. By considering the importance of application of EN ISO 13849-1 and benefits, the application of EN ISO 13849-1 as safety standard for safety of machinery is urgent in Korea. Application: The results of comparing EN 954-1 and EN ISO 13849-1 standard might help to determine the adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 standard for safety of industrial machinery in Korea.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.50-59
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• 1994

유럽형 라디오 메세지 시스템(ERMES :European Radio MEssage System)은 페이징 시스템으로 주파수범위는 169.4125MHz$\~$169.8125MHz이고 채널당 25KHz 간격 주파수로 할당된 16개의 채널로 구성되어 있으며,4-PAM/FM 변조방식을 사용하고 있는 디지탈 정보 통신의 새로운 형태이다. 본 논문에서는 ETSI(European Telecommunication Standards Institute)의 규격에 의거하여 이중에러까지 정정할 수 있는 에러정정 회로를 갖춘 ERMES 수신 시스템을 설계하였다. 설계한 ERMES 수신 시스템의 오차 성능을 평가하여 4-PAM/FM 방식으로 변조하는 다중 신호에 대한 성능을 분석하였다. 그런데 RF 채널상에서 여러개의 라디오 수신기를 동시에 동작시킴으로써 신호 성분들 사이의 진폭 불균형이 시스템 성능을 떨어뜨릴 수 있으므로 시스템 전개를 위한 최적의 파라미터를 결정하였다. 그리고 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 송신된 데이타의 복원과정과 전송로상에서 발생할 수 있는 에러가 2비트까지 정정됨을 확인하였다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2006년도 Asia Navigation Conference
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• pp.230-239
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• 2006

The depth, width and alignment of fairway that are main port water facilities should be designed considering the various elements including particulars of design ships, weather and sea conditions around fairway and method of ship-handling. However not only the existing Japanese design standard for fairway and also those of other countries do not take into consideration of such kind of elements and no design standard is made by quantitative analysis. In this circumstance the new design standard (Approach Channels, A Guide for Design) depending on classified various elements and quantitative analysis was proposed in 1997 by PIANC and IAPH. But it was proved that calculated values according to this standard were unfounded and had some problems to output the discontinuous value by small difference of calculation condition because the each value fur each element was simply added. And also it is hard to apply this standard to the design of port water facilities in Japan because this [A Guide for Design] is the design standard for long channels in European port. The proposal of more reasonable Japanese standard will be expected by applying the study result of naval architecture and navigation and by the cooperation of ship operators to use fairway, naval architects to built ships and civil engineers to dredge fairway. The concept of a fairway in 'Design standard fur fairway in next generation' is defined as passage for approach channel) and traffic lane designated by light buoys as navigable water for safe navigation. In 'Design standard for fairway in next generation' depth, width and alignment are picked up among many design elements of a fairway. Design method for those elements is shown based on design ships and navigational environments. This standard shows the method of design for each dimension depending on characteristic on design ship and weather and sea condition. On the other hand, in case of existing fairway, it is possible to decide the size of ship and navigation criteria by opposite analysis.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.321-337
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• 2007

The investigation on the behaviour of cold-formed stainless steel non-slender circular hollow section columns is presented in this paper. The normal strength austenitic stainless steel type 304 and the high strength duplex materials (austenitic-ferritic approximately equivalent to EN 1.4462 and UNS S31803) were considered in this study. The finite element method has been used to carry out the investigation. The columns were compressed between fixed ends at different column lengths. The geometric and material nonlinearities have been included in the finite element analysis. The column strengths and failure modes were predicted. An extensive parametric study was carried out to study the effects of normal and high strength materials on cold-formed stainless steel non-slender circular hollow section columns. The column strengths predicted from the finite element analysis were compared with the design strengths calculated using the American Specification, Australian/New Zealand Standard and European Code for cold-formed stainless steel structures. The numerical results showed that the design rules specified in the American, Australian/New Zealand and European specifications are generally unconservative for the cold-formed stainless steel non-slender circular hollow section columns of normal and high strength materials, except for the short columns and some of the high strength stainless steel columns. Therefore, different values of the imperfection factor and limiting slenderness in the European Code design rules were proposed for cold-formed stainless steel non-slender circular hollow section columns.