• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.3133-3150
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• 2021

This work deals with the validation of a high-fidelity multiphysics system coupling the Serpent 2 Monte Carlo neutron transport code with SUBCHANFLOW, a subchannel thermalhydraulics code, and TRANSURANUS, a fuel-performance analysis code. The results for a full-core pin-by-pin burnup calculation for the ninth operating cycle of the Temelín II VVER-1000 plant, which starts from a fresh core, are presented and assessed using experimental data. A good agreement is found comparing the critical boron concentration and a set of pin-level neutron flux profiles against measurements. In addition, the calculated axial and radial power distributions match closely the values reported by the core monitoring system. To demonstrate the modeling capabilities of the three-code coupling, pin-level neutronic, thermalhydraulic and thermomechanic results are shown as well. These studies are encompassed in the final phase of the EU Horizon 2020 McSAFE project, during which the Serpent-SUBCHANFLOW-TRANSURANUS system was developed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.1224-1235
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• 2021

An integrated waste management approach for irradiated graphite was developed during the European Commission project 'Treatment and Disposal of Irradiated Graphite and other Carbonaceous Waste'. This included the identification of potential options for the management of irradiated graphite, taking account of storage, retrieval, treatment and disposal methods. This paper describes how these options can be assessed using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for a case study relating to a generic power reactor. Criteria have been defined to account for safety, environmental, economic and socio-political factors, including radiological impact, resource usage, economic costs and risks. The impact of each option against each criterion has been assessed using data from the project and the wider literature. A linear additive approach has been used to convert the calculated impacts to scores. To account for the relative importance of the criteria, example weightings were allocated. This application has shown that MCDA approaches can be used to support complex decisions regarding irradiated graphite management, accounting for a wide range of criteria. Use of this approach by individual countries or organisations will need to account for the specific options, scores, weightings and constraints that apply, based on their national strategies, regulatory requirements and public acceptability.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2019

It is expected that the introduction of real-driving emission will strengthen the exhaust emission. However, various researches have been reported that real-driving emission has been influenced by factors such as characteristics of the test routes and driving characteristics for drivers. In order to reflect this effect, European Commission applied the concept of driving dynamics to prevent deliberately driving of excessive and acceleration over RDE test. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of exhaust emissions according to real-driving test in three test routes and driving style. As a result of the test, it was confirmed that when the same driver tested real-driving test under three test routes, it depends on the driving characteristics of the route. Also, RDE-NOx for driving style was that severe driving has been about 16 times higher than normal driving in KNUT route.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.66-86
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper describes the use of trade preferences under the EU-Korea free trade agreement (FTA) and empirically examines potential reasons for the less than full use, using data on daily EU imports from Korea at the product level. Design/methodology - We employ a probit model to analyse the relationship between the use of trade preferences on the one hand and variables such as potential duty savings, rules of origin and the characteristics of the good traded (intermediate input or final product) on the other. Findings - The paper finds that EU imports from Korea make good use of trade preferences with an overall preference utilisation rate of close to 90% in 2016, which is up from about 80% in 2012. It further shows that potential duty savings influence preference utilisation positively and that more than one quarter of the observations in our sample made use of preferences under EU-Korea FTA in 2012, despite duty savings standing at €10 or less. Originality/value - The finding that a non-negligible share of observations use preferences even when the duty savings are low has not yet figured in the literature. We further show how preference utilisation rates differ by importing EU Member State and by section of the Harmonised System and estimate the marginal impact of an increase in potential duty savings on the preference utilisation rate by broad product group, which is novel.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2024

Fueled by international efforts towards AI standardization, including those by the European Commission, the United States, and international organizations, this study introduces a AI-driven framework for analyzing advancements in drone technology. Utilizing project data retrieved from the NTIS DB via the "drone" keyword, the framework employs a diverse toolkit of supervised learning methods (Keras MLP, XGboost, LightGBM, and CatBoost) enhanced by BERTopic (natural language analysis tool). This multifaceted approach ensures both comprehensive data quality evaluation and in-depth structural analysis of documents. Furthermore, a 6T-based classification method refines non-applicable data for year-on-year AI analysis, demonstrably improving accuracy as measured by accuracy metric. Utilizing AI's power, including GPT-4, this research unveils year-on-year trends in emerging keywords and employs them to generate detailed summaries, enabling efficient processing of large text datasets and offering an AI analysis system applicable to policy domains. Notably, this study not only advances methodologies aligned with AI Act standards but also lays the groundwork for responsible AI implementation through analysis of government research and development investments.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.71-101
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• 2017

미국 무역위원회(United States International Trade Commission)는 불공정 무역으로 인해 무역 질서를 해치는 경우 상계 관세(Countervailing Duties)와 반덤핑 관세(Antidumping Duties) 등을 징수하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 상기 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 상계 관세 및 반덤핑 관세와 관련된 데이터를 수집해 양적 분석을 수행하였다. 몇 가지 데이터 마이닝(Data mining) 기법을 활용한 본 연구의 양적 분석 결과, 미국의 상계 관세 및 반덤핑 관세 부과 경향이 우리나라의 중공업 산업의 성장률에 유의한 영향을 미친다고 잠정적으로 결론 내릴 수 있었다. 본 연구의 가장 큰 기여점은 '미국의 보호주의 무역기조가 울산지역의 주력산업의 경영성과에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다'는 직관적인 명제를 과거 데이터를 가지고 객관적으로 검증해보고 그 영향 정도를 계량화해 측정할 수 있도록 한 것이라고 할 수 있다.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

Exposed dose of young child should be managed necessarily. Young child is more sensitive than adult of a Radioactivity, especially, and lives longer than adult. Must reduce exposed dose which follows The ALARA(As Low As Reasonably Achievable)rule is recommended by ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection)within diagnostic useful range. Therefore, We have to prepare Pediatric DRL(Diagnostic Reference Level) in Korea as soon as possible. Consequently, in this study, wish to estimate organ dose and effective dose using PCXMC Program(a PC-Based Monte Carlo Program), and measure ESD(Entrance surface dose)and organ dose using Glass dosimeter, and then compare with DRL which follows EC(European Commission)and NRPB(National Radiological Protection Board). Using glass dosimeter and PCXMC programs conforming to the International Committee for Radioactivity Prevention(ICRP)-103 tissue weighting factor based on the item before the organs contained in the Chest, Skull, Pelvis, Abdomen in the organ doses and effective dose and dose measurements were evaluated convenience. In a straightforward way to RANDO phantom inserted glass dosimeter(GD352M)by using the hospital pediatric protocol, and in a indirect way was PCXMC the program through a virtual simulation of organ doses and effective dose were calculated. The ESD in Chest PA is 0.076mGy which is slightly higher than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 0.07mGy, and is lower than the DRL of EC(Europe) which is 0.1mGy. The ESD in Chest Lateral is 0.130mGy which is lower than the DRL of EC(Europe) is 0.2mGy. The ESD in Skull PA is 0.423mGy which is 40 percent lower than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 1.1mGy and is 28 percent lower than the DRL of EC(Europe) is 1.5mGy. The ESD in Skull Lateral is 0.478mGy which is half than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 0.8mGy, is 40 percent lower than the DRL of EC(Europe) is 1mGy. The ESD in Pelvis AP is 0.293mGy which is half than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 0.60mGy, is 30 percent lower than the DRL of EC(Europe)is 0.9mGy. Finally, the ESD in Abdomen AP is 0.223mGy which is half than the DRL of NRPB(UK) is 0.5mGy, and is 20 percent lower than the DRL of EC is 1.0mGy. The six kind of diagnostic radiological examination is generally lower than the DRL of NRPB(UK)and EC(Europe) except for Chest PA. Shouldn't overlook the age, body, other factors. Radiological technician must realize organ dose, effective dose, ESD when examining young child in hospital. That's why young child is more sensitive than adult of a Radioactivity.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.254-273
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• 2023

2023년 문화재청은 60년간 이어져 온 '문화재' 체제를 '국가유산' 체제로 탈바꿈하고 있다. 이 과정에서 문화유산 개념발전의 역사맥락에 대한 연구의 필요성을 느꼈다. 국내에서 현재 사용하고 있는 문화유산과 관련한 개념들은 국외에서 수입한 것들이 많다. 그렇기 때문에 우선적으로 원산지에서의 개념발전 역사를 알아야 한다. 이에 본고에서는 문화유산 개념의 원산지로 주류를 이루는 유럽을 대상으로 삼았다. 특히 유럽 내에서도 프랑스를 선택하였다. 프랑스는 18세기 말 공화국을 설립한 이래로 일찍이 유럽의 기념물 개념에서 국민의 유산으로 새로운 지평을 열었기 때문이다. 본고에서는 프랑스의 역사 중 프랑스 대혁명기를 대상으로 삼았다. 프랑스 대혁명기 구체제가 붕괴되고 보호체계를 잃어버린 기념물들이 어떻게 다시 새로운 국민국가의 보호 테두리 안으로 들어갔는지가 본 연구의 탐구대상이다. 프랑스 정부는 기념물들의 보존을 위한 행정조직으로 기념물위원회 및 예술임시위원회를 탄생시켰다. 두 조직은 혁명과 전시상황 속에서 이념과 정치선전에 구속되었기 때문에 기념물 보존활동에 한계를 보였다. 하지만 그런 시대 분위기 속에서도 지침서를 통하여 보존원칙을 수립하였고 기념물을 바라보는 새로운 가치관을 만들었다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 특히 전국에 배포한 지침서 중 기념물들을 바라보는 시각에서 국민의 유산이라는 시각을 보였다는 것은 선구적이다. 이것은 이후 프랑스의 문화유산 개념발전의 새로운 방향성을 제시해주었다. 이 흐름 속에서 기념물, 역사기념물, 문화재, 문화유산으로 프랑스의 문화유산 개념은 발전해나간다. 프랑스 혁명기의 역사는 구체제의 붕괴로 인한 가치관의 혼란 속에서 이전 체제의 기념물들을 새로운 보호체계 속에 집어넣었다는 점에서 보편적인 시사점을 도출할 수 있다. 이는 분단국가로서 가치관의 혼란위험이 잠재되어 있는 대한민국의 문화유산 분야에도 시사하는 바가 있다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.172-194
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• 2010

외부비용의 내부화는 환경문제의 심각성과 이의 해결이 글로벌 이슈로 부각되면서 재조명되고 있다. 이러한 흐름 속에서 유럽연합과 유럽 각국정부는 다양한 영역에서 외부비용의 내부화를 위한 정책과 제도적 장치들을 속속 도입하고 있다. 특히 외부비용의 내부화를 위한 이러한 움직임 속에 교통영역은 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 교통영역에서 유발되는 사회적 비용은 대부분 경제활동에 직접 참여하지 않은 제3자에게 비용을 발생시키는 부정적 외부효과, 즉 외부비용과 결부되어있다. 따라서 교통부분에서 유발되는 외부비용의 내부화는 부정적 외부효과의 개선을 위해 지출되는 비효율적인 시회비용의 부담을 감소시키고 합리적인 지출을 유도할 수 있다. 특히 교통부분의 외부비용을 시장가격에 내부화시키면 교통수단간의 수요전이가 발생하여 교통시설이 효율적으로 이용될 수 있고 교통시설 투자의 효율성도 증대될 수 있다. 이러한 외부비용의 내부화와 관련된 유럽연합을 비롯한 유럽 각국의 움직임 그리고 이와 관련된 외생변수의 변화는 향후 유럽의 물류기업에게는 크나큰 도전으로 전망되고 있다. 본 연구는 교통영역에서 외부비용의 내부화 문제와 관련된 환경 변화가 유럽에서 어떻게 진행되고 있으며, 물류산업은 이러한 환경변화에서 파생되는 외생변수에 어떻게 대응하고 있는가를 전략적 관점에서 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 사회적 부담으로서 외부비용과 외부비용의 내부화의 의미, 그리고 물류산업에서의 외부비용의 내부화와 관련된 유럽연합 차원 그리고 독일과 스위스에서의 정책적 외생변수의 변화를 살펴보며, 생태적 경쟁전략모델을 이론적 토대로 하여 유럽의 물류산업이 물류와 관련된 외부비용의 내부화에서 파생되는 도전에 대응하는 전략에 대해 파악하며 이를 통해 물류산업에게 어떠한 기회가 제시될 수 있는지에 대해서 탐색한다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.384-392
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• 2013

Objective: This study inspected incident cases, legal control levels, and GHS(Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals) classification results of strong acids such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, which have been responsible for many recent chemical accidents. As a result, it is deemed necessary for legal control levels of these strong acids to be revised and GHS classification be managed nation-wide. Methods: This study inspected incident cases and legal control levels for strong acids such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid. The study analyzed and compared chemical information status and GHS classification results. Results: There were 76 domestic incidents involving strongly acidic hazardous materials over the five years between 2007 and 2011. They include 37 leakage incidents(46.7%) within a workplace, 30 leakage incidents(39.5%) during transportation, and nine leakage incidents(13.8%) following an explosion. The strongly acidic materials in question are defined and controlled as toxic chemicals according to the classes of Substances Requiring Preparation for Accidents, Managed Hazardous Substance, Hazardous Chemical(corrosive) as set forth under the Enforcement Decree of the Toxic Chemicals Control Act and Rules on Occupational Safety and Health Standards of Occupational Safety and Health Act. Among them, nitric acid is solely controlled as a class 6 hazardous material, oxidizing liquid, under the Hazardous Chemicals Control Act. The classification results of the EU ECHA(European Chemicals Agency) CLP(Commission Regulation(EC) No. 790/2009 of 10 August 2009, for the purposes of its adaptation to technical and scientific progress, Regulation(EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures) and NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research) are almost identical for the three chemicals, with the exception of sulfuric acid. Much of the classification information of NITE (National Institute of Technology and Evaluation) and KOSHA(Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, KOSHA) is the same. NIER provides 12(41.4%) out of 29 classifications, as does KOSHA.