• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2007.10a
• /
• pp.653-656
• /
• 2007

1998년 European Commission에서 권고한 이래 LRIC 모형은 미국 및 유럽 각국의 규제기관 (National Regulatory Authorities ; NRA)에서 상호접속규제를 시행하는데 사용되는 주요 수단이다. 2004년 영국의 이동전화 착신서비스에 대한 보고서에서 영국의 Ofcom은 LRIC를 2G방식의 이동전화 착신서비스 제공에 따른 원가산정 방법으로 채택하고 있다. 그러나 기존 2G 사업자들이 3G시장에 참여함에 따라 2G 음성통화가 3G로의 전이가능성이 제기되어 3G 서비스제공에 따른 2G 접속료 시장의 충격을 완화하고자 LRIC모형에 3G서비스를 추가하게 되었다. 이동망 원가모형의 기본 구조는 크게 다음과 같은 4개의 모듈로 구성되는데, 이중에서 사업 자간 문제제기가 많고 이견이 많았던 Network모듈과 이동망 모형의 선행모듈인 Input 모듈에서 제기된 이슈사향을 살펴보고, 국내 이동망 LRIC 모듈 개발시의 시사점을 도출하고자 한다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.241-246
• /
• 2013

For effective and efficient environmental management, developed countries, such as the Netherlands, UK, Australia, Canada, and United States apply ecological risk assessment, and they have an autonomous risk assessment methodology to protect native receptors. In this study, soil ecological protective concentration (EPC) of cadmium in Korea was derived using Korean ecological risk assessment methodology. The soil EPC of cadmium was calculated using probabilistic ecological risk assessment based on species sensitivity distribution. The soil EPC was calculated according to land use for residential/agricultural and industrial/commercial purposes. The chronic soil EPCs for residential/agricultural and industrial/commercial lands were derived to be 1.58 and 9.60 mg/kg, respectively. These values were similar to soil EPC of European Commission, the Netherlands, UK, and Canada. However, these values were lower than the established Korean soil standard, because the current soil standard was based on human risk. Therefore, the impact on an ecosystem when establishing environmental standard should be considered.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.167-173
• /
• 2018

Experimental results obtained from research using only one sex are sometimes extrapolated to both sexes without thorough justification. However, this might cause enormous economic loss and unintended fatalities. Between years 1997 and 2000, the US Food and Drug Administration suspended ten prescription drugs producing severe adverse effects on the market. Eight of the ten drugs caused greater health risks in women. Serious male biases in basic, preclinical, and clinical research were the main reason for the problem. This mini-review will describe why and how funding organizations such as the European Commission, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and the US National Institutes of Health have tried to influence researchers to integrate sex/gender not only in clinical research, but also in basic and preclinical research. Editorial policies of prominent journals for sex-specific reporting will also be introduced, and some considerations in integrating sex as a biological variable will be pointed out. To produce precise and reproducible results applicable for both men and women, sex should be considered as an important biological variable from basic and preclinical research.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.183-201
• /
• 2020

There is an increasing demand for services utilizing various data such as social data, public data, and personal information. In particular, the United States and the Korean government are working in various ways to utilize My Data. In 2019, the Financial Services Commission in Korea intends to expand financial services using personal information through MyData. This paper will examine MyData issues of the US and European governments and propose ways to promote MyData in Korea in terms of data compatibility and data quality.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.3-8
• /
• 2006

This paper discusses current challenges, as a result of the rapid increase in air travel, and future navigation needs of Civil Aviation. The objectives pursued by ANASTASIA, a sixth framework European Commission project, are presented. The methods used in the derivation of the navigation performance requirements are introduced and discussed in the context of precision approaches. High-level impacts on the avionics receiver of integrating additional multi-frequency ranging signals from a modernized GPS and Galileo into the current navigation architecture are investigated. Expected performance achievements are presented.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
• /
• 1997.11a
• /
• pp.93-103
• /
• 1997

This paper gives an overview of the CBUF project. The work described is the collective effort of 11 CBUF partners, laboratories, universities, industries, in 8 countries. It became possible to do this research thanks to the European Commission interest in the burning behaviour of upholstered furniture and their willingness to sponsor this large effort. The opportunity to work with the many of the most prominent fire researchers and furniture experts have been extremely rewarding. All the expertise of these scientists have resulted in a lot of research results that are presented. The article only gives the main findings and conclusions of the project, namely the presentation of the fire safety design procedure of the CBUF project. Other articles will deal with specific modelling topics and an extensive description of the project can be found in the final CBUF report EUR 16477 EN.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.562-571
• /
• 2021

In this work, we propose a new mechanistic model for the treatment of helium behaviour which includes the description of helium solubility in oxide fuel. The proposed model has been implemented in SCIANTIX and validated against annealing helium release experiments performed on small doped fuel samples. The overall agreement of the new model with the experimental data is satisfactory, and given the mechanistic formulation of the proposed model, it can be continuously and easily improved by directly including additional phenomena as related experimental data become available.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.38-53
• /
• 2007

In a seminal judgment of November 2002 (Case C-476/98) relating to the compatibility with Community laws of the 'nationality clause' in the 1996 amending protocol to the 1955 U.S.-German Air Services Agreement, the European Court of Justice(ECJ) decided that the provision constituted a measure of an intrinsically discriminatory nature and was thus contrary to the principle of national treatment established under Art. 52 of the EC Treaty. The Court, rejecting bluntly the German government' submissions relying on public policy grounds(Art. 56, EC Treaty), seemed content to declare and rule that the protocol provision requiring a contracting state party to ensure substantial ownership and effective control by its nationals of its designated airlines had violated the requirement of national treatment reserved for other Community Members under the salient Treaty provision. The German counterclaims against the Commission, although tantalizing not only from the perusal of the judgment but from the perspective of international air law, were nonetheless invariably correct and to the point. For such a clause has been justified to defend the 'fundamental interests of society from a serious threat' that may result from granting operating licenses or necessary technical authorizations to an airline company of a third country. Indeed, the nationality clause has been inserted in most of the liberal bilaterals to allow the parties to enforce their own national laws and regulations governing aviation safety and security. Such a clause is not targeted as a device for discriminating against the nationals of any third State. It simply acts as the minimum legal safeguards against aviation risk empowering a party to take legal control of the designated airlines. Unfortunately, the German call for the review of such a foremost objective and rationale underlying the nationality clause landed on the deaf ears of the Court which appeared quite happy not to take stock of the potential implications and consequences in its absence and of the legality under international law of the 'national treatment' requirement of Community laws. Again, while US law limits foreign shareholders to 24.9% of its airlines, the European Community limits non-EC ownership to 49%, precluding any ownership and effective control by foreign nationals of EC airlines, let alone any foreign takeover and merger. Given this, it appears inconsistent and unreasonable for the EC to demand, $vis-{\grave{a}}-vis$ a non-EC third State, national treatment for all of its Member States. The ECJ's decision was also wrongly premised on the precedence of Community laws over international law, and in particular, international air law. It simply is another form of asserting and enforcing de facto extraterritorial application of Community laws to a non-EC third country. Again, the ruling runs counter to an established rule of international law that a treaty does not, as a matter of principle, create either obligations or rights for a third State. Aside from the legal problems, the 'national treatment' may not be economically justified either, in light of the free-rider problem and resulting externalities or inefficiency. On the strength of international law and economics, therefore, airlines of Community Members other than the designated German and U.S. air carriers are neither eligible for traffic rights, nor entitled to operate between or 'free-ride' on the U.S. and German points. All in all and in all fairness, the European Court's ruling was nothing short of an outright condemnation of established rules and principles of international law and international air law. Nor is the national treatment requirement justified by the economic logic of deregulation or liberalization of aviation markets. Nor has the requirement much to do with fair competition and increased efficiency.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.39-63
• /
• 2020

This paper reviews the Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with COVID-19 of EU commission. To enlighten the obscurity and to mitigate the economic impacts of the COVID-19, European Commission has published "Interpretative Guidelines on EU passenger rights regulations in the context of the developing situation with Covid-19" on March 18, 2020. The Guideline essentially aims to create a coherent system of rules to assist the passengers, industry and national authorities overall under the unprecedented circumstances across the European Union. To do so, the Guideline is drafted to cover the rights of passengers travelling by air, rail, ship or bus/coach, maritime and inland waterways, as well as the corresponding obligations for carriers. From an aviation industry focused perspective, by referencing the Regulation (EC) numbered 261/2004, the Guideline specifically applies to cancellation and delay in flights which are seen as the dark spots for the air carriers concerning potential burdens.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.45-57
• /
• 1997

It is mandatory to measure accurately the dose distribution and the total absorbed dose of fast neutron for putting it to the clinical use. At present the methods of measurement of fast neutron are proposed largely by American Associations of Physicists in Medicine, European Clinical Neutron Dosimetry Group, and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. The complexity of measurement, however, induces the methodological differences between them. In our study, therefore, we tried to establish a unique technique of measurement by means of measuring the emitted doses and the dose distribution of fast neutron beam from neutron therapy machine, and to invent a standard method of measurement adequate to our situation. For measuring the absorbed doses and the dose distribution of fast neutron beam, we used IC-17 and IC-18 ion chambers manufactured by A-150 plastic(tissue-equivalent material), IC-17M ion chamber manufactured by magnesium, TE gas and Ar gas, and RDM 2A electrometer. The magnitude of gamma-contamination intermingled with fast neutron beam was about 13％ at 5cm depth of standard irradiated field, and increased as the depth was increased. At the central axis the maximum dose depth and 50％ dose depth were 1.32cm and 14.8cm, respectively. The surface dose rate was 41.6-54.1％ throughout the entire irradiated fields and increased as the irradiated fields were increased. Beam profile was that the horn effect of about 7.5％ appeared at 2.5cm depth and the flattest at 10cm depth.