• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2017

In order to confirm European packaging waste statistics, this study was investigated annual variability of packaging waste generated, target of recovery and recycling rate for packaging waste and recycling rate of European countries based on Eurostat database. Eurostat is regional society statistics organization designated by European community to distribute development, production and European statistics. From 2005 to 2013, paper and paperboard packaging were generated the largest amount among the total amount of packaging waste generated during the period and the share of main packaging materials were generally constant among the packaging materials. In addition, European Union member countries have established target for the recycling rate and recycling rate for packaging waste which has been well maintained by most EU countries since the 2008 directive was enacted. The recycling rate for whole packaging waste such as glass, paper and paperboard, metal, plastic, wood continues to increase in Europe. In this study, Europe packaging waste statistics were organized and analyzed as yearly transformation of Europe packaging waste occurrence and disposal, recycling rate and recovery rate target value of Europe countries and recycling rate of each country in Europe base on centralized Eurostat database. Moreover GDP reduction were also confirmed due to trend changes and indirect impacts such as economic slump by packaging waste and recycling.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.12-12
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• 2010

Time dependence of the shift of the threshold voltage of amorphous hafnium-indium-zinc oxide (a-HIZO) has been reported under on-current stress condition. a-HIZO thin films were deposited on $SiO_2$/Si (100) by rf magnetron sputtering. XPS measurement indicates that the Hf metal cations in a-HIZO system after annealing process reduce oxygen vacancies by binding oxygen. It was found that the Hf metal cation can be effectively incorporated in the IZO thin films as a suppressor against both the oxygen deficiencies and the carrier generation in the ZnO-based system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society Of Semiconductor Equipment Technology
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.22-25
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• 2006

Long lasting phosphor materials are in great demand for their applications in the area of light emitting diodes (LEDs), commercial displays and warning signals. After glow longevity, brightness, photo-resistance and chemical and environment stability are most important qualities that are desired for these materials. Alumina as host lattice with various rare earth elements has been found to be good at the same time inexpensive material for the synthesis of the phosphor materials. This communication explored the effect of mixed rare earth metal on the luminescence properties of these materials for the first time. Various permutations and combinations of $Sr^{2+}$ and $Ba^{2+}$ have been investigated in order to achieve robust and high luminescence characteristics in the tailored phosphor materials.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2001

An absolutely passive fit at the interface with the superstructure and the abutment cylinders is need for implant longevity. In this study, a method of cast framework correction using spark erosion technology was evaluated. Electric discharge machining(EDM) is a process that uses electrical discharges, or sparks, to machine metal, The surface being machined is bombared with high-intensity electrical energy pulses that gradually melt away the stock until the desired configuration is obtained. Master model was fabricated by using metal block impression analogue, which fired 5 Branemark squared impression coping in an arc shaped metal block. Then framework using 4mm standard gold cylinder and type IV gold alloy was fabricated. In order to measure the fit of the framework we used both contact and noncontact coordinate measurement machine and data was processed by computer program. After superimposition of gold framework and master model numeric image data the distances between gold cylinder bearing surfaces and abutment replica bearing surfaces, and the angle deviations between gold cylinder and abutment replica centroid points were calculated. The results were as follows 1 The total mean distance (p<0.01) and standard deviation (p<0.001) between the gold cylinders and abutment bearing surfaces were significantly decreased after EDM 2. The total mean of maximum distances was significantly decreased after EDM (p<0.05). 3. After EDM, the mean angle deviation between centroid points was decreased.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2013

Yam (Dioscorea) has long been used as foods and folk medicine with the approved positive effects for health promotion. Although consumption of yam products is increasing for health promotion, reports for the metal contamination in commercial yam powder products to protect the consumers are lacking. In this study, we aimed to assess whether the commercial yam powder products were heavy metal contaminated or not using the yam products from six commercial products from various places in South Korea. The contents of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Ni, and Sn) in yam powder products were measured and compared to national and international food standard levels. Also, the metal contamination was monitored during the food manufacturing steps. The study results showed that the contents of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, As, and Pb) in yam powder products are similar to those in national 'roots and tubers' as well as in various crops. In comparison to three international standard levels (EU, Codex and Korea), Cd content in yam powder products was lower but Pb content was 5 times higher. Also, Pb, Ni, and Sn may have the potential to be contaminated during food manufacturing steps. In conclusion, the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, As, Ni, and Sn) except Pb is considered relatively safe on comparison to national and international food standard levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2002

New nondestructive inspection (NDI) technique to detect the defect in metal was developed in which an electromagnetic field is induced in a metal by AC current flowing in the magnetic coil and the leak magnetic-flux disturbed by defects is measured using a tape-recorder head with air gap. This technique can be applied in evaluating the location and sizing of surface defects in components of the ferromagnetic body by means of the non-contacting measurement. In this paper, we have applied this technique to the evaluation of two-dimensional surface cracks in ferromagnetic metal, and also investigated the influence of the various frequencies and lift-off. Defects were detected with maximum values in the distribution of voltage and it was found that the maximum values tend to increase with the defect depth. Although the maximum values for defects are affected by the frequency and lift-off, the depth of small defects can be estimated from the linear relationship between the depth and voltage rate$(V_0/V_{ave})$.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.16-25
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• 2012

There are several kinds of batteries such as zinc-air battery, lithium battery, Manganese dry battery, silver oxide battery, sodium-sulphur battery, lead acid battery, metal hydride secondary battery, nickel-cadmium battery, lithium ion battery, alkaline battery, etc. These days it has been widely studied for the recycling technologies of the used battery from view points of economy and efficiency. In this paper, patents and published papers on the recycling technologies of the used battery were analyzed. The range of search was limited in the open patents of USA (US), European Union (EU), Japan (JP), Korea (KR) and SCI journal articles from 1972 to 2011. Patents and journal articles were collected using key-words searching and filtered by filtering criteria. The trends of the patents and journal articles were analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2017

This study examined chemical characterization in commercial dark-fleshed fish (mackerel Scomber japonicus, Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius, and Pacific herring Clupea pallasii) to determine their suitability for use as raw materials for seafood products. The volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), heavy metal, radioactivity, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), benzo[a]pyrene, and histamine concentrations were measured. The VBN in all of the dark-fleshed fish was less than 20 mg/100 g, which is the limit for raw materials for seafood processing. Except for mackerel based on the lead (Pb) standards of the European Union (EU), Taiwan, and CODEX, and all fish based on the cadmium (Cd) standards for China and the EU, the commercial dark-fleshed fish were free from total mercury (Hg), Pb, and Cd based on domestic and foreign standards. The radioactivity, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), benzo[a]pyrene, and histamine concentrations of the commercial dark-fleshed fish all adhered to the domestic and foreign standards. The commercial dark-fleshed fish tested could all be used as raw materials for seafood products, except for some exported products.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 1995

The fiber optic fluorosensor that shows a specific selectivity for calcium ion is studied. This sensor employs protein Calmodulin(CaM) which forms a fluorescent chelate with $Ca^{2+}$. A dialysis membrane is used to entrap a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled CaM solution at the common end of a bifurcated fiber optic bundle. The sensing mechanism of this sensor is based on the shifts in the fluorescence spectrum of metal-calmodulin complexes which FCaM forms a chelate with $Ca^{2+}$. Upon binding with $Ca^{2+}$, CaM undergoes a conformational change which induces a change in the fluorescence of FCaM. This change in fluorescence signal which is measured by photomultiflier tube is related to the concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ for calibration curve. Detection limit for $Ca^{2+}$ and the interference effects by $Mg^{2+}$, $Eu^{3+}$ and $La^{3+}$ for this sensor are studied. Response time and life time for this fluorosensor are also investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.590-597
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• 1994

The chemical behavior of the trivalent lanthanide$(Pr^{3+}, Eu^{3+}, Gd^{3+} 그리고 Yb^{3+})$complexes with organo-ligand (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione) has been investigated by the use of UV/Vis-spectrophotometric, magnetics, and electrochemical method. The two or three energy absorption bands are observed by the spectra of these complexes. The magnetitude of crystal field splitting energy, the spin pairing energy and bond stength was obtained from the spectra of the complexes. These are found to be localization, low-spin (or high-spin state, and strong bonding strength. The magnetic dipole moment are found to be diamagnetic complexes (or paramagnetic). The electrochemical behavior of complexes was observed by the use of cyclic voltammetry in aprotic media. These reduction peaks were irreversible two and three step reduction processes by electron transfer.