• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.239-248
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• 2016

Background: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of chronic persistent post-surgical pain (CPPP) and the role of signal transduction genes in patients undergoing staging laparotomy for carcinoma ovary. Methods: The present observational study was undertaken following institutional ethical committee approval and informed consent from all the participants. A total 21 patients of ASA grade I to III with age 20-70 years, scheduled for elective staging laparotomy for carcinoma ovary were included. Patients were excluded if had other causes of pain, cognitive dysfunction or chronic neurological disorders. Statistical analysis of pool data was done using SPSS version-17. For various scales like GPE, PDQ, NPSI, the visual analogue scale (VAS), global perceived effect (GPE), the pain DETECT questionnaire (PDQ), and neuropathic pain symptoms inventory (NPSI), one factor repaeted measure ANOVA applied with simple contrast with baseline as on post-operative day 1 (considered as reference and compared with subsequent time-interval), and the P values were adjusted according to "Bonferroni adjustments". In patients with CPPP, the ${\Delta}ct$ values of mRNA expressions of genes at the end of postoperative day 90 were compared with the baseline control values by one factor repeated ANOVA. P value < 0.005 significant. Results: The present study demonstrates 38.1% (8 out of 21 patients) incidence of CPPP. The functional status and quality of life as were observed to be significantly diminished in all patients with chronic pain. An up-regulation in the mRNA expression of signal transduction and a positive correlation was noted between the mRNA expression of signal transduction genes and VAS score in all patients with CPPP at the end of postoperative day 90. Conclusions: The reported incidence of CPPP in patients with carcinoma ovary was 38.1%. An up-regulation and positive correlation between mRNA expression of signal transduction genes and VAS score depicts its potential role in the pathogenesis of CPPP.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.56
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• pp.151-180
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• 2018

Since the completion of the theories on human ethics and moral had been established to pursue by Confucian thinkers like Confucius and Mencius, they generally had agreed to present the basic principles for human education which every human could be the sage. In these principles for human ethics and morality there is on the premise that the knowledge about your own ethical and that the completion of the so-called act(爲) and learning(學). They had given to us that how to get a goal for the ethical and moral lives there are several academic oriented methodology will have act and learning set. In the point of achieving complete figures which act and learning for good society, there was named the sage(聖). This concept sage has two major types. One is on for the political figures that completed, and the other one is for the realm of academic side. Confucian as above mentioned the moral human being is equipped with a complete personality and political ability to make man and society perfect. Confucius has been understood as a complete human being. Yes, ideal for these two types of figures will be fulfilled in some way? They take a mystical ability to a priori or a posteriori, such as human effort can reach the sage. There are many thinkers are obvious and logical answer for this major problem in the system of confucian philosophy I have been trying. About the sage(聖), inherently natural learning(生知) occur to the position sage or knowledge (學知), can lead to there are two of the doctrine for that problem. With the study of learning and knowledge on human beings and real society the two systems concerned together. In fact, the main content of the "Analects of Confucius" we have a set of ethical and moral values not the benevolent conversation about Jin(仁) and his disciples a steady emphasis but on in praise of learning (學) for. However, at the time in Han Tang(漢唐) Han Wi(韓愈) and Wang Chung(王充), according to such thinkers the sage is already a priori determined, cannot be reached by human effort. But At the beginning of the Neo-Confucianism, Cheng I(程?) for the pioneer this Song(宋) scholars, regarding this issue could rebirth the thought that every human could be the sage through the learning as the pre-Chin(先秦) times.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.114-125
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• 2020

Purpose: This descriptive study investigated the effects of nurses' knowledge of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, death anxiety, and perceptions of hospice care on their attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Methods: Data were collected from 262 nurses at tertiary hospitals, general hospitals, or primary hospitals in Busan, Korea, and statistically analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, the Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: The participants' scores were 3.68±0.45 (out of 5) for attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, 0.65±0.15 (out of 1) for knowledge of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, 2.61±0.26 (out of 4) for death anxiety, and 4.06±0.43 (out of 5) for perceptions of hospice care. Furthermore, knowledge of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment and perceptions of hospice care showed positive correlations with attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, while death anxiety showed a negative correlation. The most significant factors influencing attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment were perceptions of hospice care, followed by having experienced caring for patients who withdrew life-sustaining treatment, death anxiety, having a spouse, and ethical values, and the overall explanatory power was 43.0%. Conclusion: This study showed that perceptions of hospice were an important factor influencing nurses' attitudes toward withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and validate educational intervention programs that can improve perceptions of hospice care.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.298-305
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• 2011

The purpose of this dissertation is finding the meaning and form of Euthanasia, Considering by Criminal law that the core of the debate over the 'pros and cons' of euthanasia, And seeking measures about needs of currently Euthanasia legislation and institutional establishment. Through the remarkable progress, today's medical science makes to cure the Incurable patients, and artificially prolong human life by life-support system. These changes of Healthcare Environments extending a permissible range of Euthanasia over the series of criminal discussions about Euthanasia. And medical treatment has been discussed from negative side to positive side. So, In the current legal system, seeking for realistic measure is demands of the times behind the penally and ethical problems. Therefore, I will study the needs of legal system and reestablish values about Respect for Human Life.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3259-3270
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to understand how the interplay between organizational and national cultures affects the management of IUICs (International University-Industry Collaboration) devoted to technology innovation and transfer. This study presents two examples of IUIC drawn from a qualitative research method, both involving a British university and a Japanese company. The first case illustrates how different organizational practices (organizational culture), which are nested in the national culture (values), raise questions about the role of ethical boundaries in causing misunderstandings and the deterioration of UIC relationships. The second case demonstrates how long-term relationships and extensive interpersonal interactions can play a positive role in IUIC. Practical implications, the limitation of this study and further studies have been discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.4899-4906
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• 2016

Aim: To assess the diagnostic utility of serum and salivary interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in the differential diagnosis of potentially malignant lesions and conditions (PMLs/PMCs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a high oral cancer prevalence region. Methods: After appropriate ethical clearance and informed consent, salivary and blood samples were collected from 100 participants in each group (OSCC, PMLs, and healthy controls). Serum and salivary IL-6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Results: Significant differences in IL-6 concentration were noted between OSCC and PML/C patients in both serum and saliva, with salivary levels being 2 to 3 fold higher than serum values in all the groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated 96% specificity and 99% sensitivity for salivary IL-6 in differentiating PML from OSCC. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, is elevated in the saliva of patients with OSSC compared to PMD and controls, and thus may prove to have diagnostic and/or prognostic significance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 2013

The AOAC Mouse Bioassay method (MBA) has been widely used for routine monitoring of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) for more than 50 years. However, this method has low sensitivity and experiences interference from other components in the extract. Also, ethical issues have been raised against the continued use of this live-mouse assay. To establish an alternative method for PSP analysis, we attempted to develop PSP analysis conditions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LC-MS/MS analysis of reference material showed very reasonable accuracy, and the analysis time was just 15 min. However, the recovery rate of toxin spike samples using the LC-MS/MS analysis was 59.4-91.0%. We also attempted to remove the matrix effect using shellfish extracts, but recoveries of C1 and C2 did not improve. A comparison between the results of MBA and LC-MS/MS analysis revealed good correlations, with values of 0.8878 and 0.9211 for oyster and mussel matrices, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1965-1967
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• 2013

Background: To obtain the maximum additional information about the prognosis of gastric cancer, we compared CA-50 with other previously defined markers. Materials and Methods: This hospital based study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences between $1^{st}$ July 2012 and $31^{st}$ December 2012. The variables collected were age, gender, AFP, CEA, CA19-9, and CA50, assayed with ELISA reader for all cases. The cut off values for serum AFP, CEA, CA19-9, and CA-50 were 10 ${\mu}g/l$, 10 ${\mu}g/l$, 37 U/ml, and 20 U/ml, respectively according to the manufacturer's instructions. Approval for the study was obtained from the institutional research ethical committee. Results: Of the 40 examined patients, 13 patients had tumors located in the upper third of the stomach, 6 patients had tumors in the middle third, 16 patients had tumors in the lower third, and 5 patients had tumors occupying two-thirds of the stomach or more. The distribution of lymph node staging of the patients was as follows: 7 patients belonged to N0, 9 patients to N1 stage, 10 patients to N2 stage, and 14 patients to N3 stage. The statistical method of Cox proportional hazards using multivariate analysis also illustrated that tumor markers including CEA (2.802), CA19-9 (2.690), CA50 (2.101), were independent prognostic factors, as tumor size (1.603), and lymph node stage (1.614). Conclusions: The tumour markers now available, like CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 50, chiefly perceive advanced gastric cancer. The preoperative rise in those tumour marker level have a prognostic significance and may be clinically helpful in choosing patients for adjuvant management.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.128-150
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• 2013

This paper is to examine the interrelationship between morality (or ethics) and geography and education in terms of the moral and ethical dimension embedded moral turn in geography. Since the 1970s, the geography have morally turned with stressing realization of social relevance and justice through interest on moral issues such as the spatial inequality and human welfare in the world of difference. This moral turn in geography has formed the area of moral geography, and emphasized the ethics of care and responsibility of human and nature with warning of immoral geographies of others and nature in the world of difference with the recent trend of postmodernism. For morally careful geography teaching, it is now good time that geography educators need to think the moral turn in geography education. If geography education is willing to contribute to make a better world, it needs to reflect more morally on geography curriculum and instruction in terms of the ethics of care and responsibility.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4067-4069
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• 2013

Background: The present study was undertaken to establish any correlation of elevated levels of CA19-9 with tumor stage or grade of urothelial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: This hospital based study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences between $1^{st}$ July 2012 and $31^{st}$ December 2012. Approval for the study was obtained from the institutional research ethical committee. CA19-9 was assayed with an ELISA reader for all cases and expressed in U/ml with 37U/ml taken as the cut-off upper value for normal. Results: Out of 20 cases enrolled, 15 were of urothelial carcinoma and the remaining 5 were controls. There was marked difference between the mean values of CA19-9 in cases $40.2{\pm}19.3U/ml$ of urothelial carcinoma and controls $7.98{\pm}7.34U/ml$. The number of cases in Ta, TI, T2, T3, T4 stages of urothelial carcinoma were 2, 6, 3, 3, 1 respectively. The percentage rise in CA19-9 was less with low grade tumors (22.2%) when compared with high grade tumors (66.6%) (p value $0.001^*$). The percentage of rise in CA19-9 for muscle invasive tumors was very high when compared to superficial tumors. Similarly, the percentage of rise in CA19-9 for metastatic disease was very high when compared to non-metastatic disease and it was found statistically significant (p value $0.001^*$). Conclusion: Serum CA19-9 levels predicts the prognosis of urothelial carcinoma as it is almost invariably raised in tumors having metastatic spread.