• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was purposed to the anti-oxidative effects of Polygonati Multiflori Caulis(henceforth PMC) on oxidized brain and liver cells in rats. Methods : After extraction of PMC with water, the water extract was divided into five fractions : hexane, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and an aqueous fraction. The phenol contents of each fraction were measured. The lipid peroxidation inhibition effect were then investigated. Results : After processing PCM water and PCM fractionations on oxidized brain cells in rats, the SOD (super oxide dismutase) activity and glutathione content were increased, and the NO (nitric oxide) content was decreased. It had much higher SOD activity than liver cells in rats excluded in the n-BuOH and aqueous fractions. In case of oxidized liver cells in rats, the SOD activity and glutathione content increased, while both the NO content and the MDA (malondialdehyde) content decreased. It had much higher glutathione content than brain cells in rats in the every fractions. It had much lower MDA content than brain cells in rats in the Aqueous fractions and brain cells in rats had much lower MDA content than liver cells in rats in the total extract, n-hexane, EtOEt, EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions. Conclusions : PMC has anti-oxidative effect on oxidized liver cells and brain cells in rats, through there are differences in fraction. Additionally, Anti-oxidative effect of brain cells can be relaxed the mental nerve and it is related PMC effect.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.217-225
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the genotoxicity in comet and in vitro micronucleus assay and mutagenicity in Ames test of the extracts from leaves and stem of Morus alba L. The samples showed a very weak cytotoxicity on the NIH/3T3 cells by SRB assay. The cell viability of the extracts and fractions from leaves and stems of Morus alba L. was 80% over at $500\;{\mu}g/ml$, and that of the chloroform fractions from leaves and stems showed lower than others. The genotoxicity at $250\;{\mu}g/ml$ of 100% EtOH and water extracts on the NIH/3T3 cells in comet assay was about 40% compared to positive control, and most fractions from 100% EtOH extract of the leaves showed stronger genotoxicity than that offractions from the stem. The genotoxicity with S-9 mix in vitro micronucleus assay of the 100% EtOH and water extracts form Morus alba L. did not indicate any significant difference as compared with control group. The cytokinesis-binucleated cells were showed in the hexan, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol fractions from the extract of the leaves without S-9, and sample with S-9 showed CB cells in the chloroform fraction from the leaves. In the Ames test, the water and 100% ethanol extracts of Morus alba L. did not have a strong mutagenicity in TA98 and TA100, but the fractions of organic solvents of the ethanol extract had $10{\sim}26%$ of mutagenicity on the TA100 strain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.900-907
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• 2000

The antioxidant effects of dichloromethane, ethylacetate or water fraction of kimchi added to the 1% cholesterol diet were studied. Six New Zealand white rabbits in each group were fed either control diet (basal diet containing 1% cholesterol) or experimental diet containing dichloromethane (CH$_2$Cl$_2$), ethylacetate (EtOAc) or water ($H_2O$) fraction of kimchi in the control diet for 16 weeks. The amount of each solvent fraction of kimchi added to the experimental diet was equivalent to 5% of freeze-dried kimchi. Levels of hepatic lipid oxidation expressed as TBARS or peroxide value for the experimental groups were lower than that of control (p<0.05). Liver homogenated of the experimental group containing dichloromethane fraction of kimchi inhibited LDL oxidation in the presence of Cu++ by 46% (p<0.05). The activities of catalase, Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Cu, Zn-superoxide (Cu, Zn-SOD) and Mn-superoxide (Mn-SOD) of experimental groups were lower than those of control group. Low enzyme activities observed from the kimchi solvent fraction groups might be due to the level of lipid oxidation progressed less in these groups. The most significant antioxidant effects were observed from dichloromethane fraction of kimchi among the experimental groups. The major fatty acids of hepatic phospholipid of rabbit were C18:2 and C18:0. But the major fatty acid profile was changed into C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 when rabbit was fed 1% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks, and this profile was almost the same as in rabbit fed diet containing kimchi solvent fraction. The ratio for unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid decreased by cholesterol induced diet and it was not corrected by kimchi solvent fractions.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.865-872
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• 2002

In the course of the investigations of natural antioxidants, we examined the antioxidant activities of the methanol (MeOH) extracts of some selected Prunus species, including P. buergeriana, P. davidiana, P padus, P. pendula for. ascendens, P. sargentii, P. serrulata var. spontanea and P. yedoensis by three methods as represented by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, total ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) scavenging activity tests. We also evaluated the activities of the organic solvent-soluble fractions, including the dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions and the water ($H_2O$) layer of P. serrulata var. spontanea leaves. By means of bioassay-directed fractionation, we isolated eleven known flavonoids (1-11) from the EtOAc soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of the Prunus serrulata var. spontanea leaves, exhibiting strong antioxidant activity and characterized as prunetin (1), genistein (2), quercetin (3), prunetin $4'-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (4), kaempferol $3-O-{\alpha}-arabinofuranoside$ (5), prunetin $5-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (6), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranoside$ (7), genistin (8), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (9), quercetin $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (10) and kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (11). Compounds 3 and 10 showed good activities in all tested model systems. Compounds 2 and 8 showed scavenging activities in the DPPH and $ONOO^-$ tests, while compounds 5, 7, 9 and 11 were active in the $ONOO^-$ and ROS tests. On the other hand, compounds 1, 4 and 6 did not show any activities in the tested model systems.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 1997

Previously, a 50% aqueous methanol extract of Galla rhois was shown to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibition activity with an {TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}(the concentration causing 50% inhibition of tyrosinase activity) of 0.2mg/ml of 205 crude drug extracts. To isolate tyrosinase inhibitors, the methanol extract was evaporated to a small volume in vacuo, and then partitioned stepwise with benzene and ethyl acetate(EtOAc). the EtOAc fraction was solubilized in 10% MeOH solution, and then fractionated successively by Diaion HP-20 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Three phenolic compounds were isolated, and characterized as gallic acid(GA), methyl gallate(MG) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-$\beta$-D-glucose(PGG) by UV, IR, {TEX}${1}^H${/TEX}-&{TEX}${13}^C${/TEX}-NMR, and FAB-MS spectroscopy, PGG({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) showed a considerable inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase, while GA({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=1.6mg/ml) and MG({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=234$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) did not show an appreciable effect. Meanwhile, MG inhibited greatly melanogenesis in a murine melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. MG and PGG showed typical noncompetitive inhibition patterns against mushroom tyrosinase. These results suggest that PGG and MG may be potentially useful as either anti-browning or anti-melanogenic agents in foods and cosmetics.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.109-112
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• 2015

Fruits of Rhus parviflora were extracted with 80% aqueous methanol (MeOH), and the concentrated extract was partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and $H_2O$, successively. Purification of EtOAc fraction led to isolation of fifteen polyphenols of which structures were identified by spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR. Most compounds apart from compound 10 inhibited low density lipoproteinoxidation within $IC_{50}$ value of $10{\mu}M$. Among compounds, taxifolin (2), quercetin 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (13), agathisflavone (5) sulfuretin (4), and aureusidin (3) showed $IC_{50}$ values 0.9, 0.8, 5.8, 2.9, and $2.4{\mu}M$ which were of highly significant in comparison positive control butylated hydroxytoluene with $IC_{50}$ value of $2.1{\mu}M$. The results indicate fruits of R. parviflora as a source of antihypercholesterolemic compounds.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.316-320
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• 2008

Ten compounds, (+)-pinoresinol (1), (-)-balanophonin (2), gallicin (3), vanillin (4), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5), coniferaldehyde (6), betulinic acid (7), ursolic acid (8), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (9), and malic acid (10), were isolated from a EtOAc-soluble fraction of the seeds of Cornus officinalis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as well as by comparison with reported values. Compounds 1, 2, and 4-7 were isolated from this species for the first time. All the isolates (1-10) were subjected to an in vitro bioassay to evaluate their inhibitory activity against advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation. Among these, compounds 2 and 3 showed the significant inhibitory activity on AGEs formation with $IC_{50}$ values of 27.81 and 18.04${\mu}M$, respectively.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2003

In our ongoing study to identity antioxidants from natural sources, the antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera stamens was evaluated for their potential to scavenge stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, inhibit total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, in kidney homogenates using 2 ,7 -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCHF-DA), and scavenge authentic peroxynitrites ($ONOO^-$). A methanol (MeOH) extract of the stamens of N. nucifera showed strong antioxidant activity in the $ONOO^-$system, and marginal activity in the DPPH and total ROS systems, so were therefore fractionated with several organic solvents, such as dichloromethane ($CH_2 Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH). The EtOAc soluble fraction, which exhibited strong antioxidant activity in all the model systems tested, was further purified by repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Seven known flavonoids [kaempferol (1), kaempferol 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucuronopyranosyl methylester (2), kaempferol 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside (4), myricetin 3 ,5 -dimethylether 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol 3-Ο-$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1$\rightarrow$6)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (6) and kaempferol 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucuronopyranoside (7)], along with $\beta$-sitosterol glucopyranoside (8), were isolated. Compound 1 possessed good activities in all the model systems tested. Compounds 2 and 7 showed scavenging activities in the DPPH and $ONOO^-$ tests, while compounds 3 and 4 were only active in the $ONOO^-$ test. Conversely, compound 8 showed no activities in any of the model systems tested.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2001

2kg of the dried leaves of chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher were ground, extracted with acetone-$H_2O$(7:3, v/v), concentrated, and fractionated with a series of hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc and water on a separatory funnel. Each fraction was freeze dried to give dark-brown powder and a EtOAc soluble portion of the powder was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol and ethanol-hexane mixture as eluents. Spectrometric analyses such as NMR and FAB-MS including TLC were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. The leaves of chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher contained a large amount of taxifolin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-xylopyranoside and (+)-catechin in addition to a small amount of quercetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2007

Dried unripe fruits of Rubus coreanus Miq. were extracted with 80% aqueous MeOH and the concentrated extract was partitioned with EtOAc and $H_2O$. From the EtOAc fraction, four triterpenoids were isolated through repeated silica gel, ODS and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. From the result of physico-chemical data including NMR, MS aud IR, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined as tormentic acid (1), myrianthic acid (2), hovenic acid (3) and 2${\alpha}$,3${\beta}$,19${\beta}$,23-tetrahydroxylolean-12-en-28-oic acid (4). Compounds 3 and 4 were isolated for the first time from this plant. All isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against human colon carcinoma cells using in vitro three-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, compound 3 showed a higher cytotoxicity ($IC_{50}$ = 7.8 ${\mu}M$) than doxorubicin ($IC_{50}$= 50 ${\mu}M$).