• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2005

It was assumed that the effect of estrogen on wound healing would be variable according to patient's gender and age since estrogen is a sex steroid. This study was designed to determine the variability of the effect of estrogen on proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts and collagen synthesis which are most important in wound healing considering patient's gender and age. Fibroblasts were isolated from the dermis of female patients in premenstrual, menstrual, or postmenopausal age group and that of male patients. The isolated fibroblasts were cultivated in the presence of estrogen($1.0{\mu}g/ml$). The cells were seeded at $5.0{\times}10^3cell/well$ in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/Ham's F-12 nutrient including 5% fetal bovine serum in 96-well plates. The cells were incubated for 3 days. For fibroblast proliferation MTT assay method was used. To measure the production of collagen, the collagen type I carboxy- terminal propeptide enzyme immunoassay was carried out. Estrogen stimulated the proliferation of fibroblasts in female patients, but not in male patients. The greatest cell proliferation and collagen synthesis was seen at women in menstrual and postmenopausal age. These results demonstrated that effects of estrogen on dermal fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis were variable with gender and age.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.613-618
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• 2011

Two key molecules in skeletal tissues are bone formation master transcription factor Runx2 and the steroid hormone estrogen. It is well known that these two molecules play pivotal roles in bone homeostasis; however, the functional interaction between Runx2 and estrogen synthesis in skeletal tissues is largely unknown. Recent studies have indicated that there is a positive relationship between Runx2 and the estrogen biosynthesis pathway. In this review, a possible functional link between Runx2 and estrogen synthesis pathway in skeletal tissues will be discusses as well as the biological significance of this interaction.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2002

Effects of bisphenol-A (BPA) on vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis and estrogen-estrogen receptor $(E_2- ER)$ binding activity were examined in primary hepatocyte cultures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Hepatocytes were precultured for 2 days and then $estradiol-17\beta\;(E_2,\;2\times10^{-6}M)\;BPA\;(10^{-5}-10^{-8}M)$ and/or 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen $(4-OHT,\;10^{-6} M)$ were simultaneously added to the incubation medium. Hepatocytes were cultured for 5 more days and then spent medium was analyzed by SDS-PAGE for VTG production. The addition of BPA to the incubation medium had no effect on the viability of hepatocytes in the culture. On the other hand, BPA increased VTG production in a concentration-dependent way and a significant increment occurred at BPA concentrations greater than $10^{-6}$M. Although VTG was increased by the addition of $E_2\;(2\times10^{-6}\;M)\;or\;BPA\;(10^{-5}M)$, its were reduced by a simultaneous 4-OHT $(10^{-6}\;M)$ addition. BPA inhibited $E_2-human$ ER binding activity by $72\%$ at $10^{-5}$ M of BPA. These results suggested that BPA induced VTG synthesis by BPA-ER binding activity in the hepatocyte of rainbow trout.

• BMB Reports
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.488-496
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• 2016

Estrogens are the key hormones regulating the development and function of reproductive organs in all vertebrates. Recent evidence indicates that estrogens play important roles in the immune system, cancer development, and other critical biological processes related to human well-being. Obviously, the gonads (ovary and testis) are the primary sites of estrogen synthesis, but estrogens synthesized in extra- gonadal sites play an equally important role in controlling biological activities. Understanding non-gonadal sites of estrogen synthesis and function is crucial and will lead to therapeutic interventions targeting estrogen signaling in disease prevention and treatment. Developing a rationale targeting strategy remains challenging because knowledge of extra-gonadal biosynthesis of estrogens, and the mechanism by which estrogen activity is exerted, is very limited. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries of extra-gonadal sites of estrogen biosynthesis and their local functions and discuss the significance of the most recent novel discovery of intestinal estrogen biosynthesis.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 1997

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (rhFSH) on the estrogen synthesis by human fetal ovarian tissues. Fetal ovaries were 18-19 weeks old (18 wks:n=1, 19 wks:n=2). One case of 19-week-old fetal ovaries were obtained from anencephalic fetus. Obtained ovarieswere cleaned and diced around $600\mu\textrm{m}$ pieces, and cultured in the sandwich agar bed system for 21-23 days. Estrone ($E_{1}$) and estradiol-17 $\beta$($E_{2}$) in the medium was measured by radioimmunoassay. Amount of $E_{2}$ synthesis was greater than $E_{1}$ in both normal cases. In contrast, fetal ovaries from anencephalic fetus did not produce neither $E_{1}$ nor $E_{2}$ in the presence or absence of rhFSH. Results suggest that the fetal ovaries have a capacity of estrogen production at 18-19 weeks of gestation Existence of FSH receptor is also supposed. Different results by anecephalic fetal ovaries suggest the difference in the development between normal and anencephalic fetal ovaries.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.282.2-283
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• 2002

In situ and circulating estrogen is the most important endocrine hormone that promotes the growth of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Consequently. decrease of estrogen on in situ and circulation can inhibit breast cancer. Estrogen is mainly produced by the ovary in premenopausal women and by peripheral tissues such as adipose tissues in postmenopausal women. The cytochrome p450 (CYP19), aromatase. is a key enzyme in the synthesis of estrogen hormones. (omitted)

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2003년도 Annual Meeting of KSAP : International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences on Obesity
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• pp.70-70
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• 2003

Estrogen receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Its action depends on the receptor, its ligand, and its coactivator proteins. As a consequence, the concentration of the receptor is a major component that governs the magnitude of the estrogen response. Despite the extensive knowledge on mechanism of estrogen receptor action, regulation of estrogen receptor itself is not very well understood. Estrogen receptor is known to be downregulated under hypoxia leading to inhibition of estrogen receptor mediated transcription activation. We have studied mechanism of loss of estrogen responsiveness under hypoxia. We found that Hif-l${\alpha}$, a major transcription factor regulating hypoxic response, inhibited transcription of estrogen response element driven luciferase gene by expression of HIF-l${\alpha}$/vp16 construct designed to contain transcription activity under normoxia. This loss of estrogen responsiveness appears to be the result of ER${\alpha}$ downregulation. ER${\alpha}$was downregulated at the levels of ligand-biding and protein within l2-24h, and the response was blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132, protein synthesis inhibitor cyclohexamide, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor Genistein. These results demonstrate that Hif-l${\alpha}$ downregulates ER${\alpha}$ by proteasome dependent pathway.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.677-680
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• 2003

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1107-1114
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• 2008

It is important to identify selective ligands for the estrogen receptor subtypes ER$\alpha$ or ER$\beta$ to evaluate them as pharmaceutical targets in breast cancer. To develop ER$\beta$-selective ligands as PET imaging agents, a series of aryl indazole estrogen analogues substituted at the C3 position with fluoroethyl and fluoropropyl groups were synthesized and evaluated for their relative binding affinities and selectivities for ER$\alpha$ vs ER$\beta$. The fluoroethylated indazole estrogen (FEIE, 1i) and fluoropropylated indazole estrogen (FPIE, 1h) showed 41- fold and 17-fold ER$\beta$/ER$\alpha$ selectivity, respectively. However, their binding affinities to ER$\alpha$ and ER$\beta$ were very low.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.475-479
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• 1997

A decrease in the circulating levels of estrogen, occuring as a consequence of post menopausal decline or from surgical ovariectomy, results in an accelerated loss of bone. Estrogen has been shown to stimulate lysyl oxidase activity, and the treatment with estrogen increased the pyridinium content of cortical bone. a trivalent mature cross-links collagen fibrils named pyridinoline, which is especially abundant in collagen of cartilage and bone, markedly increases with growth in humans and rats. The main aim of this study was to examine the increased bone loss caused by ovariectomy through monitoring the concentrations of the collagen and the pyridinium cross-links of collagen, pyridinoline. The ovariectomized rats, 4 weeks old, were divided at random into two or three groups of 5. Ovariectomies were carried out on both of the saline-treated group(OVX(NH)) and the estrogen-treated group(OVX(H)) using the dorsal approach and sham operations were performed on the sham-operated group(sham). They were maintained under identical conditions for 4 or 8 weeks and were allowed free access to food and water. it was observed that there was no significant difference between the control group and the sham-operated group, however, the control group had a higher content of collagen than the saline-treated group after 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Based on these results, iot is supposed that estrogen can enhance collagen synthesis and affects the pyridinoline formation in collagen fibrils through stimulating lysyl oxidase activity.