• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.144-151
• /
• 2012

Deforestation is a major and very critical problem faced by many tropical countries including Malaysia. Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia and its deforestation rate has been accelerating. This study was conducted to monitor the deforestation in Sabah in the last two decades with Landsat images of 1990, 2000 and 2008. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm was conducted using the Landsat data for monitoring deforestation. In total, between 1990 and 2008, Sabah lost half of its intact forest, or more than 1.85 million ha in less than two decades. Overall, the deforestation rate for all forest types combined for the last two decades was 1.6% per year. Deforestation seemed to be accelerating because the deforestation rate between 1990 and 2000 was 0.9% per year and it had increased to 2.7% per year between 2000 and 2008. The deforestation trend seemed to follow a negative exponential from 1990 to 2008. In contrast, the agricultural areas increased rapidly with a total of increment more than 1 million ha. This confirmed that agriculture especially establishment of commercial plantation was the major factor of deforestation in Sabah for the last two decades.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.33-52
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study is to project the supply and demand for nurses till the year 2012 and to make recommendations for establishment of proper policies regarding them. To predict the supply of nurses. a baseline projection and demographic methods were employed. The derivative demand was used to forecast the demand of nurses. The results of this study provide us with valuable information on nursing manpower planning for the 21th century. Specifically. results indicate that there will be an oversupply of nurses in the near future based on the current productivity. Based on the medical law. there will be an undersupply of nurses till 2002 but an oversupply after that. Thus. the active supply of nurses must be decreased. One way to achieve this would be decreasing the size of training and education. Thus. we recommend that the number of entrances to 4 year programs will be reduced 20% in 2004. and a reduction of 20% by 2005 in 3 year programs. The results of this study suggest the following: First. a manpower bank for nurses who are trying to reenter the market must be established. Second, improvement of education and retraining is needed for the quality control of nurses. Further studies should take into consideration the above factors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
• /
• 2002.05a
• /
• pp.1079-1084
• /
• 2002

Systems engineering technology development program for Korea next-generation high-speed railway(KNHR) system in progress is a national large-scale system development program that is not only a large-size and complex but also multi-disciplinary in nature. Using the RDD-IOO, a systems engineering tool, the KNHR program can establish requirements traceability and development process management in the course of development. This paper presents the results from a computer-aided systems engineering application to KNHR system technology development project over the three years of activities. The traceability among the system design database in the vertical direction of SE process, as the results of the first year and the second year research was accomplished. The database in both the requirement management domain and the project management domain was developed and set up the traceability between them in the horizontal direction of the SE process in the V model as the results of the third year research. Therefore, KNHR design database was built to support the life-cycle management of the system as well as to reuse the knowledge in future programs. In the following development phase, this database will be utilized to accomplish the test and integration activities providing a baseline database. The outcome of the study contributes to the establishment of the model-based systems engineering approach as a best practice in the accumulation and advancement of systems engineering technology for railway system development.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.87 no.1
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 1998

Somatic embryo induction, plant regeneration, and field establishment were investigated from tissue cultured winter buds of a 10-year-old tree Aralia elata. Embryogenic calli were obtained from cultures of winter buds on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. A number of somatic embryos were regenerated from the calli on an embryo induction medium supplemented with 2,4-D and BA. Although abnormal somatic embryos were frequently observed, most of the embryos formed were morphologically normal. All somatic embryos at the later stage of maturity germinated successfully, but only 14% of them could be developed into plantlets on MS basal medium. The plants regenerated from the somatic embryos survived well in the field (survival rates : more than 95%) and have grown normally for three years after transplanting.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2018

Background: The cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in greenhouses could reduce the use of pesticides and result in higher yield; however, construction costs are problematic. The adaptation of direct-sowing culture in greenhouses could reduce the cost of ginseng production. Methods and Results: To improve seedling establishment in direct-sowing culture, effects of sowing density (SD), number of seeds sown per hole (SN), and thinning (TH) treatment on the root yield were investigated after 3 years of seeding. The emergence rate was significantly influenced by SD, but not by SN or TH. Damping-off and rusty roots increased with an increase in SN with diminishing effects of SN on seedling establishment. Root weight and diameter were affected by SD, SN, and TH, however, there were no statistical significances. The total number of roots harvested per unit area increased with increasing SD and SN, and the weight of roots was affected by SD, but not by SN or TH. Conclusions: Multi-seed sowing per hole and/or thinning might not be an efficient method for the direct-sowing culture of ginseng. The SD for direct seeding culture in greenhouses should be approximately $33-42seeds/m^2$ for an optimum yield of 3-year-old ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2001

Treatment efficiency was examined of a pond-wetland system constructed for water quality conservation of Koheung Estuarine Lake over one year after its establishment in July 2000. The system is composed of primary and secondary ponds in series and six wetland cells in parallel. Cattails (Typha angustiflora) were planted in three wetland cells and common reeds (Phragmites australis) in three other cells. Water pumped from Sinyang Stream flowing into the Lake was funneled into primary pond whose effluent was discharged into secondary pond by gravity flow. Effluent from secondary pond was distributed into each wetland cell. SS, $BOD_5$, T-N, and T-P concentrations in influent to primary pond, and effluent from primary pond, secondary pond, and three wetland cells planted with cattails were analyzed for about one year from August 2000 to August 2001. The removal rates at primary pond for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 29%, 30%, 15%, and 36%, respectively. The abatement rates at secondary pond for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 38%, 40%, 30%, and 47%, respectively. The reduction rates measured at three cattail-planted wetland cells for SS, $BOD_5$, T-N and T-P were 54%, 57%, 60%, and 68%, respectively. Considering early stage of the pond-wetland system and inclusion of winter during the research period, its treatment efficiency was rather good. Cattails had not yet grown to dense stands due to initial establishment period, which resulted in slightly lower treatment efficiencies of wetland cells for these pollutants, compared with those of ponds.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.6
• /
• pp.53-103
• /
• 1979

Kyujang-gak was an institution established by the King Jungjo's order to enshrine and edit the royal writings and autographs, and to help the revival of learning with more active services in collection, control, and use of the important materials. Furthermore, it was aimed in its establishment to promote the settlement of an innovative and ideal Royal Regime. In this paper, the Outer Kyujang-gak(外奎章閣) of Kangwha Magistracy(江華府), which was one of the lower branches of the Kyujanggak(奎章閣), will be treated, especially about its details of establishment, location, functions, the characteristics and value of its collection. After the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, the Historical Deposit Library(史庫) was established at the Kangwha Magistracy to take custody of the royal writings and autographs. An Annex(別庫) was built near by the Historical Deposit Library to enlarge the space in the reign of the King Hyojong. These spaces, however, become insufficient as the amount of materials deposited expanded, and custody for them was also not successful. Therefore, at the April of the 6th year of the King Jungjo's rule, the Outer Kyujang-gak was built at the east of the Temporary Palace(行宮) within Kangwha Magistracy, where the royal materials were deposited. This Outer Kynjang-gak was also called 'Kangdo Oe-gak(江都外閣)', 'Kyujang Oe-gak(奎章外閣)' or 'Simdo Oe-gak(心都外閣)', and its major function was to take custody of the materials and to hand them down to the next generations forever. The Kandwha Magistrate(江華留守) was responsible for the management of the Outer Kyujang-gak. Regular events for the book keeping were enshrinement, inventory and airing. In the 6th year in the reign of the King Jungjo, 4,892 volumes consisting of 762 titles were moved here from the Bon-gmodang(奉謨堂), the Seoseo(西序) in Main Palace, the Annex(別庫), the Deposit Library(史庫) mentioned above, the Kaegsa(客舍) and Chaeg-go(冊庫) within Kangwha Magistracy. By the end of the Joseon Dynasty, through fourteen times of addition altogether, the number of collection enshrined here reached 6,400 volumes consisting of 1,212 titles. The significance of this Outer Kyujang-gak established at the Kangwha Magistracy is in the point that this was one of the most important deopsit libraries of the Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.27-40
• /
• 2003

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of research related with oriental nursing. Method: 124 articles about oriental nursing from 1990 to July 2003 were analyzed according to the articles' characteristics, sources by publication period, research design, nursing intervention effect of experimental study and concept, and content of literature review. Result: 1. The number of studies related with oriental nursing has progressively increased by year from 1990, and that of articles was the highest during the period between 1995 to 1999. 2. The majority of research design were survey and correlational studies, and most of them were published in the before 2000. But experimental design were used in the after 2000. 3. Nursing intervention used in the experimental design were Dan Jeon Breathing, Qigong, Yoga, Guided Imagery, Aroma therapy, San-Yin-Jiao(SP-6) Pressure, Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Massage(Meridian Point, hand, foot, etc.) Chuna- Bed Exercise Program. Diet for Sasang Constitution etc. 4. The key concept of literature review articles is ki(energy), oriental nursing, health promotion, oriental medicine management of illness etc. Conclusion: The summary of the above results shows a tendency that the study has increased by year. Especially, experimental study proved affirmative effect. Besides in the literature review, inquiry of theories and practical perspective, which is necessary for the establishment of oriental nursing was introduced. However, for the establishment of oriental nursing, more experimental and qualitative studies are to be required.

• Korean Medical Education Review
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.134-137
• /
• 2017

The main points of issue with the former premedical curriculum of Seoul National University College of Medicine (SNUCM) were the absence of educational objectives, decline in student motivation caused by uniform education, students' lack of a sense of belonging, and lack of humanistic education. In accordance with these issues, there were five aspects considered for the improvement of the premedical curriculum: reform based on the newly established educational objectives that corresponds with the 6-year medical school curriculum as a whole, expansion of elective courses and the development of personalized curriculum for the improvement of students' learning motives, expansion of social sciences and humanities curriculum for the development of students' capabilities as good doctors, active participation of medical professors in premedical education, and expansion of informal education and the student support program. According to the assessment done after the implementation of the reformed curriculum, premedical students were gratified with its establishment and management of multifarious liberal arts and major subjects. In preparation of the more rigorous entrance quota of the premedical school at SNUCM, there is ongoing reform of required major subjects and establishment of new subjects in the premedical curriculum in pursuit of unity with the 6-year medical curriculum. Moreover, there is ongoing development of an e-portfolio system for the association of premedical and medical education, integration of formal and informal curriculum, and reinforcement of student observation and formative evaluation. Further discussion on the assessment and betterment of premedical curriculum is needed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.20-29
• /
• 1991

The system analysis for Korean nuclear power reactor option is made on the basis of reliability, cost minimization, finite uranium resource availability and nuclear engineering manpower supply constraints. The reference reactor scenarios are developed considering the future electricity demand, nuclear share, current nuclear power plant standardization program and manufacturing capacity. The levelized power generation cost, uranium requirement and nuclear engineering professionals demand are estimated for each reference reactor scenarios and nuclear fuel cycle options from the year 1990 up to the year 2030. Based on the outcomes of the analysis, uranium resource utilization, reliability and nuclear engineering manpower requirements are sensitive to the nuclear reactor strategy and associated fuel cycle whereas the system cost is not. APWR, CANDU longrightarrow FBR strategy is to be the best option for Korea. However, APWR, CANDU longrightarrow Passive Safe Reactor(PSR）longrightarrowFBR strategy should be also considered as a contingency for growing national concerns on nuclear safety and public acceptance deterioration in the future. FBR development and establishment of related fuel cycle should be started as soon as possible considering the uranium shortage anticipated between 2007 and 2032. It should be noted that the increasing use of nuclear energy to minimize the greenhouse effects in the early 21st century would accelerate the uranium resource depletion. The study also concludes that the current level of nuclear engineering professionals employment is not sufficient until 2010 for the establishment of nuclear infrastructure.