• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

오미자를 대상으로 성분분석을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 유기산함량은 42.179mg%였으며, 주로 함유되어 있는 유기산은 malic acid와 citric acid로 각각 33,691ppm과 3,330.5ppm이었다. 2. 총페놀함량은 1.560%였으며 주로 페놀산 Ester와 불용성결합형 페놀산이 함유되어 있었고 구성페놀산은 chlorogenic acid, coumalic acid, gentisic acid의 순으로 함유되어 있었다. 3.총지질함량은 160.5mg/g 건물량 였으며 주로 중성지질이 많았고 불포화지방산이 포화지방산보다 3배 정도 많이 함유되어 있었으며, 불포화지방산 중에서는 linoleic acid와 oleic acid가 주로 함유되어있었고, 포화지방산으로는 palmitic acid가 가장 다량 함유되어 있었다. 4. 정유 성분으로는 caryophyllene, calarene, cubebene, acoradiene 그리고 $\beta$-himachalene 등의 성분이 발견되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.266-271
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• 1991

염건 숭어알은 전통적인 방법으로 제조하였다. 제조 조건들은 10%염농도의 간장에 염지하고 두께 1.2cm 정도로 압착하여 70% 습도에서 3m/sec의 풍속 및 $20^{\circ}C$에서 음건하였다. 가공돠 저장기간의 유리 및 결합지질을 분리하여 다시 중성, 당 및 인지질로 분획하였다. 주요구성 지방산은 $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},C_{18:1}과\;C_{18:2}$이며 합계량이 7.71mg/100mg 으로 당지질의 77% 정도 점유하였다. 불포화도는 결합당지질은 2.09로 유리당지질의 0.92와 차이가 많았다. 다가불포화 지방산비는 0.10-0.78로 낮았으며 필수지방산함량은 결합당지질의 신선어란 4.23mg/100mg에서 저장 9주째는 거의 소멸되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.989-996
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• 2010

엘크 녹용의 부위별, 성장일수별 성분변화를 측정하기 위하여 3년생 엘크 6두에서 각각 녹용성장일수 80일과 90일된 녹용을 채취하여 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분, 칼슘, 마그네슘, 아미노산, 지질성분 및 지방산을 분석하였다. 조 단백질과 조지방 함량은 성장일수 80일된 녹용이 조회분 함량은 90일된 녹용에 많았으며, 성장일수간 유의차는 중대의 조단백질에서만 인정되었다(p<0.05). 칼슘과 마그네슘의 함량은 부위별 유의차가 나타났으며(p<0.05) 모든 부위에서 90일에 많은 함량을 나타내었으나 성장일수 간 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 녹용의 성장일수간 아미노산 함량은 aspartic acid, threonine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine 및 lysine에서 유의차가 인정되었으며(p<0.05), 필수아미노산의 함량은 모든 부위에서80일된 녹용이 많게 나타났다. 총지질, 중성지질, 인지질 등 지질성분은 성장일수 80일의 녹용의 함량이 많았고, sphingo-phospholipid의 함량이 glycerophospholipid의 함량보다 많았으며 성장일수 80일이 90일보다 많은 함량을 나타내었다. Lecithin 함량이 cephaline 함량보다 많았다. 총지방산, 불포화지방산의 함량은 성장일수 80일인 녹용이 많았으나 성장일수간 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 필수지방산의 함량은 성장일수가 길어질수록 적어지고 하대쪽보다 상대쪽이 많은 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.831-836
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• 2001

Little information on the cholesterol content and the fatty acid composition of avian species other than chicken is available. This study was conducted to compare the yolk cholesterol content and the fatty acid profiles of some wild birds maintained in captivity on commercial grain-based chicken diets. The concentration of cholesterol/g of yolk as well as the total yolk cholesterol per egg varied among species. Yolk cholesterol concentration, expressed as mg/g of yolk, was highest in chukar, followed by pheasant, guinea fowl and quail, while total yolk cholesterol in an egg was highest in guinea fowl, followed by pheasant, chuckar and quail. An inverse relationship between yolk cholesterol concentration and egg weight was observed among species with an exception of quail. Although major fatty acids of egg yolk were oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid in all birds, the composition varied among species. Chukar and quail showed higher oleic acid content than pheasant and guinea fowl, while showing lower linoleic acid. Fatty acids of chukar and guinea fowl eggs were more saturated than those of pheasant and quail. Chukar and especially quail had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than pheasant and guinea fowl; in quail egg 51.6% of total fatty acids were MUFA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential fatty acids (EFA) and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acid (P/S ratio) were higher in pheasant and guinea fowl than in chukar and quail. Differences in fatty acid profile of triglyceride (TG) among birds were largely similar to those of total lipid. In comparison to TG, phosphatidyl choline (PC) was low in MUFA while high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA. PC was most saturated in guinea fowl egg yolk, followed by chukar, quail and pheasant. PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA in PC were highest in pheasant followed by chukar, guinea fowl and quail. PE was distinguished from PC by its high contents of stearic acid, eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) while low in palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. In egg yolk of all birds MUFA was significantly lower in PE than in PC except in quail. Compared to other species, quail had a considerably higher content of MUFA in PE at the expense of SFA and PUFA.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.18-33
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• 2022

Beef contains functional fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and longchain fatty acids. This review summarizes results from studies comparing the fatty acid composition of beef from cattle fed either grass or grain-based feed. Since functional lipid components are contributed through dietary consumption of beef, the fatty acid composition is reported on mg/100 g of meat basis rather than on a percentage of total fat basis. Beef from grass-fed contains lesser total fat than that from grain-fed in all breeds of cattle. Reduced total fat content also influences the fatty acid composition of beef. A 100 g beef meat from grass-fed cattle contained 2,773 mg less total saturated fatty acids (SFA) than that from the same amount of grain-fed. Grass-fed also showed a more favorable SFA lipid profile containing less cholesterol-raising fatty acids (C12:0 to C16:0) but contained a lesser amount of cholesterol-lowering C18:0 than grain-fed beef. In terms of essential fatty acids, grass-fed beef showed greater levels of trans-vaccenic acid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; EPA, DPA, DHA) than grain-fed beef. Grass-fed beef also contains an increased level of total n-3 PUFA which reduced the n-6 to n-3 ratio thus can offer more health benefits than grain-fed. The findings signify that grass-fed beef could exert protective effects against a number of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease (CVD) as evidenced by the increased functional omega-3 PUFA and decreased undesirable SFA. Although grain-fed beef showed lesser EPA, DPA, and DHA, consumers should be aware that greater portions of grain-fed beef could also achieve a similar dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Noteworthy, grain-fed beef contained higher total monounsaturated fatty acid that have beneficial roles in the amelioration of CVD risks than grass-fed beef. In Hanwoo beef, grain-fed showed higher EPA and DHA than grass-fed beef.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.661-671
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• 1993

The change in fatty acid composition in brain tissue of the second generation rats(Sprague-Dawley strain) was studied using four different fat diets(Corn oil=CO, Soybean oil=SO, Perilla oil=PO, Fish oil=FO, 10% by Wt). The experimental diets were started from pregnancy in four different groups, each consisting of 9 rats. The seound generation rats were fed the same diet as their mothers. Animals were anesthetized with ether at 0, 3, 9 & 16 weeks of age. Whole brains were dissected out, brain tissues were, then, homogenized and lipids were extracted from brain tissues. The fatty acid compositions were measured after methylation by gas-liquid chromatography at 0, 3, 9 and 16 weeks of age of offspring. The changes in the relative concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) or more specifically docosahexaenoic acid(22 : 6, $\omega$3, DHA), the major $\omega$3 fatty acid component in rat brain at different age were similar to changes in the amount of DNA in brain tissue showing the maximum value during the lactation. The changes in saturated fatty acid(SFA) content showed a contrasting patten to those of PUFA, while monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) increased steadily throughout the experimental period. At birth, the relative concentrations of $\omega$3 series fatty acids the relative concentrations of PUFA, MUFA and SFA converged to very similar values respectively regardless of the dietary fatty acid compositions. In brain tissue, it is of value to note that while changes in relative concentrations of linoleic acid (18 : 2, $\omega$6, LA) and arachidonic acid(20 : 4, $\omega$6, AA) showed a precursor-product-like relationship, $\alpha$-linolenic acid(18 : 3, $\omega$3, $\alpha$-LnA) and DHA showed a different pattern. Even when the $\omega$3 fatty acid content in very low in maternal diet(CO), the second generation rat brain tissues appeared to secure DHA content, suggesting an essential role of this fatty acid in the brain. The fact that a large amount of $\alpha$-LnA in the maternal diet did not have a significant effect on the second generation rat brain $\alpha$-LnA content, indicated that DHA seemed essential component for the brain development in our experimental condition. In all groups, the relative content of $\alpha$-LnA in the brain tissues remained relatively constant throughout the experimental period at the very low level. The study of the specific concentrations and essential role(s) of DHA in each parts of brain tissue is needed in more details.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.18-26
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• 1977

Among animals, the rabbit is known to be affected most sensitively by dietary changes and to be most susceptible to atherosclerosis. The exact reason is still unknown as to whether the primary cause is intrinsic (tissue itself) or extrinsic such as a blood factor which could be influenced by various dietary means. It is of utmost importance to check the nutritional quality of rabbit meat before it is accepted and adapted as a daily food item. To evaluate nutritional quality of rabbit meat, studies on various aspects of lipid components were carried out in comparison with other animal meats such as beef, pork and chicken also included in the study was the question whether the cooking and storage conditions influence the composition of fatty acids and cholesterol level. Some results and findings are listed below: 1. The content of linoleic acid (18 : 2), one of the essential fatty acids, was much higher in rabbit meat compared to the other meats. The Percentages of this Polyunsaturated fatty acids, was much higher in rabbit meat compared to the other meats. The percentages of this polyunsaturated fatty acid in terms of total fatty acids were $37.3{\pm}3.7$, 5.9, 14.5, and 21.9% for rabbit, beef, pork, and chicken respectively. The degree of unsaturation was high not only in meat but also in liver and adipose tissue of rabbit. The values of iodine number, the indication of degree of unsaturation, were known to be $102{\sim}107$, $32{\sim}47$, $46{\sim}67$, and $55{\sim}77$ for rabbit, beef, pork, and chicken respectively. Such a high proportion of this polyunsaturated fatty acid contained in rabbit meat could be harmful due to their Peroxidation effect. 2. A small amount of lower (short chain) fatty acids was isolated from rabbit tussues, which were not observed in other animal's tissues. The significance of this small amount of short chain fatty acids contained in rabbit meat remained an open question. 3. The concentration of total cholesterol in rabbit meat was similar to that of otherr but the content of esterified cholesterol was higher in rabbit meat. This was probably due to the perference of cholesterol to esterify with unsaturated fatty acids. By roasting the percentage of Polyunsaturated fatty acids was decreased while saturated palmitic acid was proportionally increased. 4 The composition of fatty acids were affected more by dry heat than moist heat. More research should be pursued to improve methods of preservation and storage to prevent possible peroxidation and rancidity problems of rabbit meat. In the meantime, the public should be informed to eat fresh rabbit meat and not to store it for a long period of time. This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology in Korea.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.286-290
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• 1993

염건 숭어알을 10% 염농도의 간장에 침지하고 1.2cm 두께로 압착하여 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 3m/sec 풍속으로 음건하여 제조하였다. 제품의 지질을 중성지질, 당지질 및 인지질로 분획하고 유리인지질은 9.3mg/100mg, 결합인지질은 13.0mg/100mg 함유하였으며 가공과 저장중에 빠른 속도로 감소하였다. 인지질을 구성하는 주요 지방산은 $C_{l6:0}$, $C_{20:0}$, $C_{16:1}$, $C_{l8:2}$와 $C_{20:5}$였으며, 이들 지방산의 함량은 6.64mg/100mg으로 총인지질 지방산의 72%를 점유했다. 불포화도는 유리 인지질에서 1.53이었고 결합 인지질에서는 0.34로 낮았다. 그러나 결합 인지질의 불포화도는 신선할 때는 1.04이었고 6주후에는 0에 가깝고, 필수지방산도 3.85mg/100mg으로 전체 필수지방산의 75% 정도이었으나 가공중에 거의 파괴되었다.다.다.다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2001

Comparisons between the Korean native pig(KNP: 75kg of slaughter weight and 240 days of age) versus Landrace(110kg of slaughter and 180 days of age) in dressing and lean meat percentages, compositions of fatty acids and amino acids and sensory evaluations on longissimus muscle are as below. Compared with Landrace, KNP had smaller percentages in dressing and lean meat percentages and a smaller backfat thickness. In retail cuts, KNP had greater percentages in shoulder butt, belly and picnic shoulder and smaller percentages in spareribs, ham and loin muscle. The KNP had greater percentages in crude fat, palmitic(C16:0) and linolenic(C18:3) acids and smaller percentages in oleic(C18:1) and linoleic(C18:2) acids, but total cholesterol content and ratios of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids did not differ between the two breeds. In amino acid composition, KNP had a greater percentage in lysine, but smaller percentages in most other amino acids. The KNP had a greater a*(redness) value in longissimus muscle(LM) color and a greater L*(whiteness) value in attached backfat color. Moreover, sensory evaluations on cooked LM showed that KNP had greater flavor, tenderness and springiness, which resulted in a greater overall acceptability. In summary, KNP, compared with Landrace, had smaller dressing and lean meat percentages, a smaller backfat thickness, greater percentages in popular retail cuts, greater percentages in intramuscular fat and an $\omega$-3 component linolenic acid, with no difference in cholesterol content, which, altogether, is considered to be more beneficial for human health.

• ALGAE
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.163-175
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• 2019

To compare the nutritional quality of TPG (Teleaulax / Plagioselmis / Geminigera) clade species of cryptomonads with that of RHO (Rhodomonas / Rhinomonas / Storeatula) clade species 6 Teleaulax amphioxeia (TA) and 1 Rhinomonas sp. strains were mass-cultured in newly designed 500-L photobioreactors to the end of exponential growth phase. Intraspecific variations (IVs) in terms of one standard deviation among the 6 TA strains in the compositions of the three macronutrients were 41.5 (protein), 89.8 (lipid), and 15.6% (carbohydrate) of the mean. When harvested from stationary growth phase mean compositions of essential amino acids (EAAs, 47.3%) and non-EAAs (52.7%) of the 2 TA strains, CR-MAL07 and CR-MAL08-2, were similar to those of a Chroomonas strain. The IVs between the 2 TA strains in the composition of EAAs (10.3 and 2.4) and non-EAAs (8.5 and 2.1% of the mean) were rather smaller than those of saturated fatty acids (30.3 and 26.1) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs, 12.0 and 12.5% of the mean) in f/2-Si and urea-based compound fertilizer (UCF) culture media, respectively. Mean compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 17.9%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 12.7%) of total fatty acids of the 2 TA strains were higher than those that of a Chroomonas strain. EPA and DHA compositions exhibited similar level of IVs between the 2 TA strains in f/2-Si (14.6 and 11.0) and UCF media (12.6 and 13.5% of the mean). Thus, the nutritional quality in terms of amino acids, UFAs, EPA, and DHA in a TPG clade species, T. amphioxeia was comparable to those of RHO clade species with notable IVs. Practically, biotechnological targets for TPG clade cryptomonad strains might be subspecies or clone level.