• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.555-564
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• 2008

Essential fatty acids are important essential nutrients during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to compare fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and essential fatty acid intakes between Korean pregnant women with a single baby and Korean pregnant women with twins. A total of 116 pregnant women who had maintained their health without any symptoms of pregnancy complications participated in the study. The subjects consisted of 57 women of singleton pregnancy and 58 women of twin pregnancy at the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd trimester of pregnancy. A 24-hour dietary recall was administered to each subject to obtain dietary information. The mean ages of the singleton pregnancy group and the twin pregnancy group were 31.44 years and 32.27 years, respectively, and the mean height values were 161.86 cm and 160.64 cm, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the singleton pregnancy group were 1639.95 kcal, 1904.71 kcal, and 1882.82 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the twin pregnancy group were 1745.99 kcal, 2203.46 kcal, and 2092.26 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean fatty acid intakes by the type of pregnancy (i.e., singleton vs. twins) and the stage of pregnancy (i.e., 1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd trimester). However, the mean total fatty acid intake of those at the 1st trimester among the singleton pregnancy group tended to be higher than that of those at the 1st trimester among the twin pregnancy group. Such a trend seemed to be retro-versed. That is, the mean total fatty acid intakes of the twin pregnancy group were higher compared to the singleton pregnancy group for the 2nd and 3rd trimester group. The LA and total n6 concentrations of serum phospholipids of the singleton pregnancy group were significantly higher as the gestational age increased(p<0.05). The $\alpha-LNA$(p<0.05), EPA(p<0.05), and total n3(p<0.001) concentrations of serum phospholipids of the twin pregnancy group were significantly lower as the gestational age increased. The $\alpha-LNA$ concentrations of serum phospholipids in the singleton pregnancy group at the 3rd trimester were significantly higher than that in the twin pregnancy group at the same trimester(p<0.05). The serum phospholipids levels of AA and DHA of the twin pregnancy group were generally higher compared to those of the singleton pregnancy group. Particularly the differences reached at the level of statistical significance for those at the 1st trimester(p<0.01). It is concluded that the study findings imply that fatty acid metabolism may meaningfully differ by the type and stage of pregnancy. Future research needs to be conducted to more elucidate grounding etiology and possible roles of dietary fatty acid intake levels in relation to the study findings.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.680-691
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• 1993

Rats were fed for an 8-week period a low riboflavin diet(5ug riboflavin/day) or a control diet(30ug/day) supplied either ad libitum or by pair feeding in order to study the effect of riboflavin on the metabolism of lipids and neurotransmitters. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EGR) and monomine oxidase(MAO) activity in the liver and brain were assayed. EGR activity coefficient in riboflavin deficient rats was significantly higher than in ad libitum controls whereas MAO activity was decreased in the deficient rats. Fatty acid composition showed a different trend in the serum, liver and brain. In the serum, the concentrations of essential fatty acids and $\omega$-3 fatty acids(eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid)were decreased about 20-40% in the deficient and pair-fed than in the ad libitum controls. Brain serotonin and 5-HIAA(5-hydroxyindole acetic acid) concentrations were decreased in the riboflavin deficient rats. Learning ability measured by a water maze and exploratory activity using the open field test were not impaired in the deficient rats. These results indicate that brain lipid metabolism was protected in subclinical riboflavin deficiency, however, riboflavin deficiency affected brain serotonin content.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.270-275
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• 2000

In order to investigate the proper processing of food wastes with miraculous soil-microorganisms (MS) for final use of swine feeds, calory, amino acid and fatty acid in food wastes were determined in relation with fermentation process with MS microorganism complex. Aflatoxin test was also performed to check safety of the fermented food wastes. Calory of food wastes was determined in average $7.60\;Kcal{\cdot}g^{-1}\;D.W.$ In finally processed food wastes, total content of amino acid was $93.0\;mg{\cdot}g^{-1}]\;D.W$, showing 18.5% of increase by the anaerobic fermentation. Essential and non-essential amino acids were measured at respectively 34.43 and $58.56\;mg{\cdot}g^{-1}\;D.W.$ Leucine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and threonine of essential amino acids and proline and glutamic acid of non-essential amino acids were highly composed as compared to others. The composition of fatty acid in food wastes was also increased by anaerobic fermentation for 3 weeks. Palmitic acid, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid were more important in quantity. Present results indicate that food wastes properly processed with MS have enough calory and are safe from aflatoxin, and that anaerobic fermentation with MS microorganism in an efficient process for hydrolyzing protein and lipids in food wastes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.199-203
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• 1986

The Lipids content of sea mussels was studied and the composition of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids were analyzed for the sea mussels obtained from Pusan area in Korea. Fatty acids were found in roder of neutral lipid, phospholipid and glycolipid. total lipids and fatty acids were appeared higher in Mytilus edulis then Mytilus cosuscus. The neutral lipids showed to be approximately 50% of 새심 lipids in Mytilus coruscus and mytilus edulis. The phospholipids showed no significant differences between male and female of Mytilus edulis. The major fatty acids were consisted of C 16 : 0, C16 : 1, C18 ; 1 and C22: 6 in order. The level of C16 :0 with saturated acid was highest in lipids. The level of C18 :1 . C18 :2, C22 : 6 were higher in Mutilus edulis than Mytilus coruscus. $\omega$$_3$ High unsaturated fatty acid essential fatty acids C20 : 5, C22 ; 6 were higher in Mytilus edulis than Mytilus coruscus.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.69-73
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• 2004

Vibrio vulnificus, a Gram-negative bacterium found in estuarine waters, is responsible for over 95％ of all seafood-related deaths in the United States. As a result of a temperature downshift to 5$^{\circ}C$, this organism enters the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Changes in the membrane fatty acid (FA) composition of V. vulnificus may be a contributing factor to the ability of this organism to enter into and survive in the VBNC state. This hypothesis was tested by incubating the organism at 5$^{\circ}C$ in arti-ficial sea water and analyzing the cells' FAs during the initial hours of temperature and nutrient down-shift. Prior to downshift, the predominant FAs were 16:0, 16:1 and 18:0. During the first four hours of downshift, statistically significant changes occurred in 15:0, 16:1, 16:0, 17:0, and 18:0. These results indicate that changes in FA composition occur prior to entry of V. vulnificus into the VBNC state, suggesting that the ability to maintain membrane fluidity may be a factor in this physiological response. Cells in which fatty acid synthesis was inhibited did not survive, indicating that active fatty acid metab-olism is essential for entry of cells into the VBNC state.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding complex of wild chrysanthemum powder, probiotics and selenium on meat quality in finishing pigs ($LY{\times}D$). 25 pigs were randomly alloted to two treatments; C (basal diet), T (C diet added 0.3% wild chrysanthemum powder, 0.1% probiotics and 0.1% selenium). Pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110 kg final weight and chemical composition, physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid composition and sensory test were measured in pork loin. Proximate composition, pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force and color were no differences among the tested samples. Texture properties of hardness in treatment were significantly higher than the control (p<0.05). Fresh meat of overall acceptance and cooked meat of tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability in T were significantly higher than the control. Fatty acid compositions of myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid in T were significantly higher than the control.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2001

In order to investigate the influence of increased seed production of Korean white pine(Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), component of seeds, produced from trees in the thinned stand and the stem-pruned trees in the seed orchard, were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows: 1. General component analysis of seed There is no significant influence of thinning on the seed component in moisture content (thinned- 4.10%, unthinned- 3.74% ), ash (thinned- 2.95%, unthinned- 2.94%), crude lipid (thinned- 67.62%, unthinned- 71.94%), and crude protein (thinned- 17.27%, unthinned- 17.50%). There is no significant influence of stem-pruning on the seed component in moisture content (unpruned- 4.26%, 1m stem-pruned- 4.10%, and 2m stem-pruned- 3.99%), ash (unpruned- 2.08%, 1m stem-pruned- 2.09%, and 2m stem-pruned- 2.15%) crude lipid(unpruned- 68.59%, 1m stem-pruned- 69.52%, and 2m stem-pruned- 72.53%), and crude protein (unpruned- 18.13%, 1m stem-pruned- 17.96%, and 2m stem-pruned- 17.56%) 2. Fatty acid analysis Seeds of tree from thinned and unthinned stands contained two essential fatty acids, i.e., linoleic acid (18:2) (thinned- 54.92%, unthinned- 55.40%) and linolenic acid (18:3) (thinned- 0.19%, and unthinned- 0.23%). Over 94% of fatty acids consisted of linoleic acid (18:2)(55%), oleic acid (18:1) (32%), and palmitic acid (16:0)(7%). T-test showed difference of content at 1% significance level for palmitoleic acid (16:1), stearic acid (18:0) and 8.11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) and at 5% for linolenic acid (18:3), but no significant difference for three major fatty acids mentioned above, between two types of trees. Thus thinning may give no influence in fatty acid content. Seeds of three types of trees contained two essential fatty acids, i.e., linoleic acid (18:2)(unpruned- 55.25%, 1m stem-pruned- 54.74%, and 2m stem-pruned- 55.00%), and linolenic acid (18:3)(0.21% for three kinds of trees). Linoleic acid (18:2)(55%), oleic acid (18:1) (32%), and palmitic acid (16:0)(6%) consisted of more than 93% of all fatty acid content. At 5% significance level in F-test, difference was observed in the content of palmitoleic acid (16:1) and 8.11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3), but not in three major types of fatty acids above mentioned. It is observed that stem-pruning gave no significant influence in fatty acid content in general.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.563-567
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• 2004

Nutritional components, such as approximate compositions, and amino acid, mineral, vitamin, sugar, and fatty acid contents, of artificially cultivated Pleurotus ferulea were analyzed. Contents of carbohydrates, crude lipids, dietary fibers, crude proteins, total amino acids, particularly essential amino acids, minerals, water-insoluble and-soluble vitamins, glucose, and unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid of P. ferulea were higher than those of P. ostreatus and P. eryngii. Results indicate P. ferulea has abundant essential nutrients and thus is good source of functional healthy food.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.438-444
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• 1999

The natural full-fat rice bran is reported to contain 8.4 to 14.7 wt % Lipids, but the amount and composition of bran depend on the type of rice, quality of paddy, pretreatments to paddy such as parboiling, type of milling system employed, and the degree of polishing. These lipids are usually mixtures of several class fatty acids containing palmitic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, tocopherol, squalene, etc. In this study the oil rich essential fatty acid (EFA) including squalene was extracted from the domestic brown rice bran using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and cosolvent induced SFE process, respectively. And the extracts were analyzed with GC-MSD. The extracted amount of rice bran oil was dependent upon the operating pressure and temperature, and the fatty acid composition of oil was varied with the reduced density (${\rho}_{\gamma}$) of supercritical carbon dioxide. About 70~80% of rice bran oil was extracted in 4hrs. The cosolvent induced SFE process shortened the total extraction time, extracted greater amount of oil than SFE process. Especially squalene which was not found in solvent extract phase was identified in SFE and cosolvent induced SFE process.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2013

The quality and quantity of food organisms in fish seed production are important. The marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata are used as initial food organisms in the field. We investigated the effects of salinity (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 psu) on the lipid and fatty acid composition of N. oculata. Cultivation of N. oculata at varying salinities showed the highest growth rate at 20 psu. Total lipid content ranged from 17.26 to 18.63% at salinities from 0 to 50 psu). The nonpolar lipid content increased markedly at 30 psu and was highest at 15.55%. The polar lipid content was lowest at 30 psu, by 84.45%. It was also found that the omega-3 and EPA contents were inversely proportional to salt concentration. For the polar and nonpolar lipid compositions, there was no significant effect of salinity. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content especially the content of EPA in the seawater larvae is the essential fatty acid in this food organism. It is thus advantageous to culture N. oculata at 20 psu.