• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.213-221
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• 1988

Inducible MLS resistance gene of Bacillus licheniformis specified by erm K was subcloned in Bacillus subtilis and the DNA sequence corresponding to its control region was determined. The determinant erm K was in Pvu II=Hind III fragment, which was 1.3 kb. The leader region is capable of forming a complex series of inverted complementary repeat sequences (ICRS) centering on at least six axes of symmetry, some of them mutually exclusive, in a way that resulted ultimately in post-transcriptional unmasking of the ribosome loading site for methylase synthesis.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.335.1-335.1
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• 2002

The ermK gene from Bacillus lichenformis encodes an inducible rANA methylase that confers resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminB antibiotics. The ermKmANA leader sequence has a total length of 357 nucleotides and encodes a 14-amino acid leader peptide together with its ribosome binding site. The secondary structure of erm leader RNA and a leader peptide have been reported as the elements that control expression. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1990

Two macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotic resistance genes, one expressed inducibly and the other expressed constitutively were recognized from a single Staphylococcus aureus DH1 strain. The inducible MLS resistance gene was isolated and cloned from the R-plasmid pDE1(7.4kb) and the constitutive gene was from chromosomal DNA. Base sequence of the inducible MLS resistance gene (1.2kb) was determined and found as same that of pE194. The restriction map of the cloned constitutive MLS resistance gene was compared with that of the inducible gene. Two genes have same restriction map except leader region. In the constitutive gene there is no leader region which is doing major role in inducible expression.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2013

The SCO3388 gene from Streptomyces coelicolor is homologous to tmrB, the tunicamycin resistance gene of Bacillus subtilis. The SCO3388-inactivation strain (SY-tbl-1) was generated by replacing SCO3388 with thiostrepton resistance gene. Spores of S. coelicolor derivatives were prepared on mannitol-soy flour (MS) agar on which SY-tbl-1 displayed no significant defect in growth and development. When plated on R4 agar, spores of SYtbl-1 displayed retardation in growth and sporulation, whereas its mycelium gave rise to normal growth. Thus, SCO3388 is suggested to be involved in the dormant spore germination. Expression of SCO3388 under the ermE1 promoter restored but only partially the ability to sporulate in SY-tbl-1. Neither SY-tbl-1 nor SY-tbl-1/ermE1p-SCO3388 showed a difference in tunicamycin resistance to the wild type whereas, interestingly, the introduction of ermE1p-SCO3388 dramatically enhanced spore survival to heat and detergent treatments, suggesting that SCO3388 might play a role in the maintenance of spore cell wall integrity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.58-61
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• 1992

Bacillus anthracis 590 having an inducibla resistance determinant to MLS antibiotics was isolated from a soli sample in Korea. The resistance gene (ernJ) was cloned by Southern blotting of chromosomal DNA fragment digested by various restriction enzymes and coloy hybridization method and the cloned plasmid was named as pBA423. The size of inserted DNA fragment of pBS42 vector was about 2.9 kb and the DNA sequence of the subcloned fragment (Hinc II-Hinc II, 1.4kb) WAS determined. The DNA sequence of ernJ was composed of 357 bp for leader region and 861 bp for the structural gene. Because the leader sequence of ernJ was homologous to that of ermK, the expression of ernJ is also thought to be controlled by a transcriptionl attenuation mechanism.

• The Microorganisms and Industry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.8-13
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• 1987

이글에서는 항생물질 내성의 생화학적 기전, MLS계 항생물질 내성기전, Post-transcriptional attenuation control, MLS계 항생물질 내성기전 연구방향, erm K의 cloning: transcriptional attenuation control의 가능성에 대해 논하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.121-126
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• 2020

The ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins are a family of membrane-associated proteins known to play roles in cell-shape determination as well as in signaling pathways. We have previously shown that amphetamine decreases phosphorylation levels of these proteins in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), an important neuronal substrate mediating rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In the present study, we further examined what molecular pathways may be involved in this process. By direct microinjection of LY294002, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, or of S9 peptide, a proposed GSK3β activator, into the NAcc core, we found that phosphorylation levels of ERM as well as of GSK3β in this site are simultaneously decreased. These results indicate that ERM proteins are under the regulation of Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway in the NAcc core. The present findings have a significant implication to a novel signal pathway possibly leading to structural plasticity in relation with drug addiction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.223-233
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• 2015

In order to evaluate the pollution of heavy metals in offshore surface sediments around shipyards in Korea, surface sediment samples were collected at eleven stations around four major shipyards located in the southeastern coast of Korea in summer 2010 and nine kinds of heavy metals such as copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), chrome(Cr), arsenic(As), mercury(Hg), iron(Fe) and aluminum(Al) in sediments were analyzed. The concentrations of Cu at all sampling stations were in the range of 47.10~414.96 mg/kg and exceeded TEL(Threshold Effects Level) 20.6 mg-Cu/kg of Korean marine environmental standards for offshore sediments and ERL(Effect Range-Low) 34.0 mg-Cu/kg. The concentrations of Cu at seven stations around four shipyards were 65.18~414.96 mg/kg and exceeded PEL(Probable Effects Level) 64.4 mg-Cu/kg of Korean marine environmental standards for offshore sediments. The concentration of Cu at one station around B-shipyard was 414.96 mg/kg and exceeded ERM(Effect Range-Median) 270.0 mg-Cu/kg. The concentrations of Zn at all stations were in the range of 135.09~388.79 mg/kg which exceeded ERL 150.0 mg-Zn/kg. The concentrations of Zn at seven stations around four shipyards were 157.57~388.79 mg/kg and exceeded PEL 157.0 mg-Zn/kg. The concentration of Zn at one station around B-shipyard was 388.79 mg/kg and was approaching ERM 410.0 mg-Zn/kg. The concentrations of Cd at all stations were in the range of 0.11~0.54 mg/kg and were below TEL 0.75 mg-Cd/kg and ERL 1.2 mg-Cd/kg. The concentrations of Pb at all stations were in the range of 18.04~105.62 mg/kg. The concentrations of Pb at two stations around B-shipyard were 73.87~105.62 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 44.0 mg-Pb/kg and ERL 46.7 mg-Pb/kg, and were below PEL 119.0 mg-Pb/kg and ERM 218.0 mg-Pb/kg. The concentrations of Cr at all stations were in the range of 51.26~85.39 mg/kg. The concentration of Cr at one station around B-shipyard was 85.39 mg/kg and exceeded ERL 81.0 mg-Cr/kg. The concentrations of As at all stations were in the range of 8.70~22.15 mg/kg which exceeded ERL 8.2 mg-As/kg and were below ERM 70.0 mg-As/kg. The concentrations of As at eight stations around A-shipyard, B-shipyard and D-shipyard were 14.93~22.15 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 14.5 mg-As/kg and were below PEL 75.5 mg-As/kg. The concentrations of Hg at all stations were in the range of 0.02~0.35 mg/kg. The concentrations of Hg at three stations around A-shipyard were 0.11~0.13 mg/kg which were almost equal to TEL 0.11 mg-Hg/kg. Those at two stations around B-shipyard were 0.27~0.35 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 0.11 mg-Hg/kg and ERL 0.15 mg-Hg/kg, and were below PEL 0.62 mg-Hg/kg and ERM 0.71 mg-Hg/kg. The concentrations of Fe and Al at all stations were in the range of 2.90 3.66 % and 3.12 6.80 %, respectively. These results imply that heavy metals such as copper, zinc, lead, arsenic and mercury were likely to be transferred to marine environment from shipyards, especially from B-shipyard.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in staphylococci isolated from canine otitis externa. A total 295 causative microorganisms were isolated. The most common isolated species were Staphylococcus (S) pseudintermedius (94 isolates) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (60 isolates), S. schleiferi (25 isolates), Escherichia coli (23 isolates) and Proteus mirabilis (20 isolates). Staphylococci isolates were showed high resistance to penicillin (78.6%), erythromycin (55.9%), tetracycline (52.4%), clindamycin (51.7%) and ciprofloxacin (42.8%). Of the 145 staphylococci isolates, 49 (33.8%) methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) were observed, distributed among S. pseudintermedius (n=34), S. schleiferi (n=6), S. epidermis (n=4), S. hominis (n=2), S. aureus, S. caprae and S. saprophyticus (n=1, respectively). Forty-three (87.8%) of 49 MRS and 10 (10.4%) of 96 methicillin-susceptibility staphylococci harbored mecA gene. About 80% of MRS were multidrug-resistant with resistance to at least one antibiotic in three or more antibiotic classes. Resistance genes blaZ (93/114, 81.5%), ermB (35/81, 43.2%), ermC (3/81, 3.7%), aacA-aphD (50/54, 92.5%), tetM (69/76, 90.7%) and tetK (6/76, 7.8%) were detected among resistant isolates. Virulence factors genes lukF and lukS were found in 100%(145/145) and 43.4%(63/145), respectively. Genes encoding ermA, eta, etb and tsst were not detected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which investigated for the presence of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and staphylococcal toxins in staphylococci isolated from canine otitis externa. A continuous monitoring and surveillance program to prevent antimicrobial resistance in companion animals is demanded.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.670-681
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to isolate enterococci in Sucuk, a traditional Turkish dry-fermented sausage and to analyze isolates for their biodiversity, antibiotic resistance patterns and the presence of some antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 60 enterococci strains were isolated from 20 sucuk samples manufactured without using a starter culture and they were identified as E. faecium (73.3%), E. faecalis (11.7%), E. hirae (8.3%), E. durans (3.3%), E. mundtii (1.7%) and E. thailandicus (1.7%). Most of the strains were found resistant to rifampin (51.67%) followed by ciprofloxacin (38.33%), nitrofurantoin (33.33%) and erythromycin (21.67%). All strains were found susceptible to ampicillin. Only E. faecium FYE4 and FYE60 strains displayed susceptibility to all antibiotics. Other strains showed different resistance patterns to antibiotics. E. faecalis was found more resistant to antibiotics than other species. Most of the strains (61.7%) displayed resistance from between two and eight antibiotics. The ermB, ermC, gyrA, tetM, tetL and vanA genes were detected in some strains. A lack of correlation between genotypic and phenotypic analysis for some strains was detected. The results of this study indicated that Sucuk manufactured without using a starter culture is a reservoir of multiple antibiotic resistant enterococci. Consequently, Sucuk is a potential reservoir for the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes from animals to humans.