• 성인간호학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.563-572
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• 2003

Purpose: This study aimed to compare differences on sexual satisfaction between non-smokers and smokers of Korean adult males. Method: The subjects of this study were 304 current smokers and 331 current non-smokers(stop smokers, never smokers) (58.0%). Because of the nature of the study, the participants were recruited through a home page advertisement of a brand newspaper company in Korea, and the survey was done through Internet system. The tool to measure participant's sexual satisfaction was adopted from the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale-Male. Result: Participant's age ranged from 20 to 49, mostly in their 30s-40s(96.1%). They were smoking average of 15 cigarettes per day. There were no significant difference on sexual satisfaction between current smokers and non-smokers( t=-.55, p>.05). However, there were significant difference on sexual satisfaction between ever smokers(n=481) and never smokers(n=154) (t=2.10, p<.05). There were significant differences an erectile and orgasm satisfaction according to number of cigarettes they smoked per day. 54.5% smokers who said that they have difficulty in keeping erectile state considered on smoking cessation within 30 days whereas 24.2% in those who said that keeping erectile state was easy. Conclusion: Informing about the high risk of sexual dysfunction with cigarette smoking should become a important part of smoking cessation education and for smoking adolescents.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.1197-1210
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• 2017

본 연구는 음경의 특성에 따른 조루증 및 발기능을 비교하고자 하였다. 99명의 성인 남성은 음경의 특성, 조루증, 발기능에 대한 설문조사에 응답하였다. 설문을 확인하는 과정에서 누락이 있거나 불완전한 응답을 제외한 69명의 설문을 분석하였다. 수집한 모든 데이터는 SPSS 22를 이용하여 독립 t 검정, 카이제곱 검정을 통하여 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 귀두가 음경보다 더 굵은 유형은 비슷한 유형과 비교하여 주관적 조루, 객관적 조루에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 주관적 조루인 자는 없는 자와 비교하여 객관적 조루, 치료의향, 성교 만족도에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 객관적 조루의 유무, 조루증 치료의향의 유무, 결혼 유무는 성교 만족도에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 경제 수준이 높은 자는 보통 또는 낮은 자와 비교하여 발기능 자신감에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 본 조사연구의 결과는 음경의 특성에 따른 조루 및 발기능은 차이를 나타낼 수 있음을 시사하며, 조루증과 발기능 장애가 있는 남성의 성기능 재활을 위한 중재 프로그램 개발의 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 2005년도 제57차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.420-420
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• 2005

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of International Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.138.3-139
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• 2001

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2000

The purpose of this work is to develop a transurethral suppository containing prostaglandin $E_1\;(PGE_1)$, which stabilizes the drug, gives no irritation to physiological body and enhances the erectile response of $PGE_1.\;PGE_1$ transurethral suppositories were prepared with various amounts of compositions such as saturated polyglycolysed glyceride $(Suppocire^{\circledR}\;AP,\;SAP)$, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-50) and ethanol. The melting points, viscosities and $PGE_1$ release of the suppositories were investigated. Ocular irritation test was carried out after application of $PGE_1$ suppository to rabbit's eye. The intracavernous pressure (ICP), penile length and duration of erectile response were determined after transurethral administration of $PGE_1$ suppository and compared with those after intracavernosal injection of $PGE_1$ solution to cats. HCO-50 hardly affected the melting points and viscosities of $PGE_1$ suppositories. Additionally, $PGE_1$ transurethral suppositories, whose melting point ranges was $34-35^{\circ}C$, was speedily melted in physiological body. HCO-50 significantly decreased the dissolution rates of $PGE_1$ from the suppositories. Dissolution mechanism analysis showed the release of $PGE_1$ was proportional to the square root of time, indicating that $PGE_1$ might be released from the suppositories by Fickian diffusion. The release rate of $PGE_1$ from $PGE_1$ suppository [PGE1/SAP/HCO-50/ethanol (1/94.5/2.5/2%)] was about 80% within 2 h. This $PGE_1$ suppository gave no significant irritation to the ocular tissue, expecting that it gave no irritation to the urethral tissue less sensive than ocular tissue. Furthermore, $PGE_1$ in this suppository was stable at $4^{\circ}C$ for 2 years. This suppository increased the ICP and penile erection similar to those of injectable $PGE_1$ solution. However, it gave 2.5-fold increased duration of erectile response than injectable $PGE_1$ solution. Our results suggested that it gave more effective erectile response than injectable $PGE_1$ solution in cats. It is concluded that this $PGE_1$ suppository with good safety, excellent stability and enhanced erectile response, could be a more effective and convenient transurethal delivery system of $PGE_1$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2004

External lyogels containing prostaglandin $E_1$ ethyl ester $(PGE_1-EE)$, a prodrug of prostaglandin $E_1\;(PGE_1)$ as a therapeutic agent for erectile dysfunction, were formulated to overcome the aqueous instability and enhance the percutaneous absorption. Lyogels of $PGE_1-EE$ were prepared with ethanol (EtOH)/proplyene glycol (PG) cosolvent system as a vehicle, cineol as an enhancer, and hydroxypropylcellusose as a gelling agent. In vitro percutaneous absorption studies were performed to determine the rate of $PGE_1$ absorption through rat or hairless mouse skin. The permeability of $PGE_1-EE$ lyogel with enhancer was 16-fold greater than that of lyogel without enhancer. Cosolvent produced 9-fold increase in percutaneous absorption. Pharmacodynamic effects of lyogels were evaluated in mature male cats in terms of intracavernosal pressure (ICP). Lyogels containing 0.1 % of $PGE_1-EE$ showed higher ICP compared to intraurethral preparation of $PGE_1$ (1 %) and enhancer-free control lyogel. The shelf-life $(t_{10%})$ of lyogel at refrigerated condition $(4^{\circ}C)$ was calculated as 928 days, which is 4.2 times longer than that of control hydrogel. As a result, $PGE_1-EE$ was formulated successfully to a lyogel system with a selective enhancer and cosolvent system for the topical delivery of $PGE_1$.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.74-83
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• 2006

Ssanghwatang (SHT) has been known to prove effective in the treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED), and its modified formula is widely used in clinical practice. However, its fundamental mechanism of action is not clearly known. It is well known that endothelial cells can achieve the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles by the release of nitric oxide (NO). NO is synthesized by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS) from L-arginine and oxygen. It is widely accepted that NO plays an important role in the relaxation of corpus cavernous smooth muscle and vasculature. In addition, in terms of the penile erection, the NO/cGMP pathway is more potent than the PCE1/cAMP pathway. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of the erectile effects of SHT by focusing on its direct effects on corpus cavernous smooth muscle cells. We investigated the NOS activity, nitrite concentration and cGMP levels in rat corpus cavernous smooth muscle cell lines activated by SHT extracts. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of SHT extracts on penile smooth muscle relaxation following oral administration of SHT extract powder to rats by the dosage of 1 g/kg over fifteen days. As a result, we found that SHT stimulated NO release. NOS activity and cGMP levels were increased by SHT respectively. Furthermore, SHT relaxed the corpus cavernous smooth muscle. These results are consistent with the concept that penile erection by SHT is carried out through the NO/cGMP pathway. In conclusion, the present study shows that SHT increases the NOS activity, synthesizes NO and augments the cGMP, which mediates penile erection. Further determination of the SHT mechanism related with the NO/cGMP pathway strongly indicates that SHT can be used as a remedy for erectile impotence.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.107-112
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• 1989

In order to compare the nocturnal penile erection and the erection induced by intracavernosal injection of papaverine, digital palpation of penis, erectile angle, and the rigigram using $Rigiscan^{(R)}$ were evaluated in 38 erectile dysfunction patients(13 psychogenic, 18 vasculogenic, 1 neurogenic, 3 vasculo-neurcgenic, and 3 undetermined). The following results were obtained. 1. Among the 32 patients of the nocturnal penile erection > 40% on rigigram, only 15 patients(46.9 %) demonstrated rigidity > 4+, a sufficient rigidity for sexual intercourse, on papaverine test. 2. The maximal degree of rigidity was also measured by the erectile angle of the penis. Among the 32 patients of nocturnal penile erection > 40% on rigigram, 23 patients(71.9%) had an angle > $45^{\circ}$. 3. Sixteen patients(42.1%) demonstrated similar increase in the maximal circumferential expansion of the distal portion of the penis on nocturnal penile erection and papaverine-induced erection. Nineteen patients showed larger circumferential expansion on nocturnal penile erection than on papaverine-induced erection. Fifteen patients showed similar circumferential increase of the basal portion of the penis on nocturnal penile erection and artificial erection, while 12 patients(31.6 %) showed larger circumferential increase on artificial erection than on nocturnal penile erection. 4. In the 15 patients of nocturnal penile erection > 40 % on rigigram and > 4+ on papaverine test, the duration of maintenance of the maximum erection on nocturnal penile erection and artificial erection proved to be not proportional. Thus, the arthficial erection induced by papaverine and the nocturnal penile erection can not to be said to be of same in nature and therefore, in order to make more definite diagnosis, both tests should be done and compared.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2003

연구목적: 대부분의 항우울제들은 성기능과 관련된 부작용을 나타낸다고 보고 되고 있으며 특히 국내에서 venlafaxine과 mirtazapine의 성기능과 관련된 부작용에 대한 연구 및 보고는 미비한 상태이다. 본 조사는 성기능 장애에 대한 구체적인 설문지를 이용하여 선택적 세로토닌 재흡수 차단제(SSRI), venlafaxine, 그리고 mirtazapine과 연관된 성기능 부작용의 빈도와 양상 등 성기능 부작용의 연관성을 조사하였다. 방 법: 122명의 불안장애, 우울장애 환자들을 대상으로 성기능 장애의 유무, 치료자에게의 보고 여부, 성욕의 감소, 절정감 또는 사정의 지연, 조기 사정 또는 절정감, 절정감 또는 사정의 결여, 남성에서의 발기부전 또는 여성에서의 질분비 감소, 성교통, 성기능 부작용에 대한 환자의 허용도 등의 항목으로 이루어진 설문지를 이용하여 항우울제와 연관된 성기능의 장애에 대하여 횡단면 조사를 시행하였다. 각각의 환자들에서 성기능 부작용척도, 우울척도(BDI)를 측정하였으며 항우울제의 종류, 용량 및 사용기간, 우울정도와의 관련성을 조사하였다. 결 과: 성기능 부작용의 전체 빈도는 122명 중 46명(37.7%)였으며, 성별에 따른 성기능 부작용의 발생빈도는 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=.746). 항우울제의 종류별 성기능 부작용의 양상에 대한 분석은 paroxetine, venlafaxine, mirtazapine의 세가지 약물군을 비교하였으며 성기능 부작용의 빈도는 약물간의 차이를 보이고 있었으나 통계적으로 유의한 의미는 없었다(p=.065). 또한 세 약물 군에서 성기능 부작용의 심각도를 측정하였으며 약물 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론: 본 조사에서 약물군과 성기능 부작용과의 통계적인 유의성은 없었지만 성기능의 장애는 정신과적 약물과 밀접한 연관이 있을 것으로 생각되며 앞으로 다양한 항우울제의 약물의 투여전과 후의 성기능 평가를 통한 전향적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.514-517
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• 2006

Purpose: To report a rare case of concealed penis that was aggravated by circumcision and simple way of treatment using skin flap. The concealed penis is a primarily pediatric disease and is usually treated by urologists. The plastic surgeons tend to see these patients when it become secondary deformation or in conjoinment with other specialties. In such situation, the plastic surgeons do not have many experiences. Methods: A 3-year-old boy was admitted with aggravated concealed penis after circumcision in congenital webbed penis. Patient had been operated with scar revision and skin flap and peri operative antibiotics. Results: The patient recovered well without any complication such as infection, hematoma and necrosis of flap. Patient was discharged POD#7 with remaining sutures. Patient was followed up for 7 months and he has no sign of erectile dysfunction, voiding dysfunction and evidence of inflammation of the urinary system. Conclusion: We experienced a case of concealed penis that was aggravated from aggressive circumcision in congenital webbed penis.