• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2014

Purpose. to describe the prevalence of refractive error according to aging in young children in South Korea. Methods : From July 2013 to June 2014, five hundred subjects( 250 male subjects, 250 female subjects; aged between 7 and 12 years) were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refraction. Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were defined as spherical equivalent(SE)${\leq}-0.50$ diopters, SE ${\geq}+2.00$ D, cylinder error ${\geq}0.75$ D and SE difference${\geq}1.00$ D between binocular eyes, respectively. Results. The refractive error by spherical equivalent among all subjects was myopia 80.41%, astigmatism 44.89%, emmetropia 18.27%, anisometropia 16.92%, and hyperopia 1.32%. The prevalence of myopia increased with age. but hyperopia was decrease. Myopia and astigmatism were much more common in male than females although the difference was not statically significant. Emmetropia and hyperopia were much more common in female than males although the difference was not statically significant. The prevalence of spherical equivalent was much common from -1.00 diopter to 0.99 diopter. On the other hand, the prevalence of myopia was much more than hyperopia. There was a statistical significance between 9 year and 10 year of female in the spherical equivalent power(p>0.05). In all another group of age, there was not a statistical significance as aging in spherical equivalent power(p>0.5). However, there was a statistical significance between male and female as age in the spherical equivalent power(P>0.01). Conclusions: Myopia was the most common refractive error in Korea young children, while hyperopia was decreased after 7 years. There was a statistical significance as age between male and female at spherical equivalent power(P> 0.01). these results suggested that the analysis of the refractive error as age at young children can give the useful diagnosis data for the correction of visual function.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.501-509
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• 2015

목적: 자동포롭터의 표기 도수와 구면굴절력 및 원주굴절력 실측값을 비교하여 굴절력의 신뢰도를 평가하였다. 방법: 자동포롭터의 마이너스 구면렌즈 및 원주렌즈의 굴절력을 수동렌즈미터로 측정하여 표기도수와의 정확도를 비교하였으며 두 렌즈가 중첩되었을 때의 합성굴절력과 등가구면굴절력을 시험렌즈와 비교 평가하였다. 결과: 포롭터에 내장되어 있는 구면렌즈의 구면굴절력은 70.6%가 표기도수와 0.125 D 이상의 오차가 발생하였으며, 굴절력이 높아질수록 오차값도 증가하였다. 원주렌즈의 단일 원주굴절력은 표기도수와 거의 일치하였다. 포롭터에서 구면렌즈와 원주렌즈가 중첩되었을 때의 합성 구면굴절력은 단일렌즈 구면굴절력과 동일하여 중첩에 의한 구면굴절력의 변화가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 구면렌즈와 원주렌즈가 중첩되었을 때의 원주굴절력은 표기도수와 큰 차이가 있어 중첩에 의해 영향을 받는다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 포롭터를 이용하여 실측된 등가구면굴절력은 표기도수 및 시험테를 이용한 등가구면굴절력에 비해 낮았으며 고도수일수록 더 낮았다. 결론: 고도의 근시안 또는 근시성 난시 안에서 자동포롭터를 사용하여 시력검사를 하는 경우 표기도수와 차이가 발생하며 과교정이 될 것으로 보여 이에대한 개선이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2014

Purpose. To analysis the refractive error in 7-9 year-old Korea children. Methods. From July 2013 to June 2014, two hundred eighty two subjects were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refractometry. Results. The refractive error by spherical equivalent among all subjects was myopia 47.58%, emmetropia 42.35%, astigmatism 32.33%, and hyperopia 8.76%. Myopia was more common in female than males although the difference was not statically significant. The axis of astigmatism was with the rule in 65%, against the rule in 31.5%, and oblique in 3.5% There was a statistical significance between 7 year and 9 year of male in the spherical equivalent power(p=0.010). Also there was a statistical significance between 7 years and 9 years of female in the spherical equivalent power(p=0.036). However, there was not a statistical significance between male and female in spherical equivalent power(p>0.5). Conclusions. In this study, myopia was the most common refractive error. On the other hand, The prevalence of the axis of astigmatism was the with- the- rule. The spherical equivalent of refractive error was similar results between male and female. However The refractive error was different style with aging. these data suggested that the analysis of the refractive error at young children can provide the information of useful diagnosis for the correction of visual acuity.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.808-815
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• 2017

Purpose. To analyze the refractive status between urban and rural regions, of children in Korea, in the age group of 13. Methods. From October 2016 to January 2017, forty subjects( 20 male subjects, 20 female subjects; 13 years) were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refraction. Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were defined as spherical equivalent(SE)${\leq}-0.50$ diopters, SE ${\geq}+1.00D$, cylinder error ${\geq}0.75D$ and SE difference${\geq}1.00D$ between binocular eyes, respectively. Results. The refractive error by spherical equivalent among all subjects was myopia 76.25%, astigmatism 35%, emmetropia 16.25%, anisometropia 8.75%, and hyperopia 5%. The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism were much more common in urban than rural region although the difference was not statically significant. Emmetropia and astigmatism were much more common in rural region than urban although the difference was not statically significant. The prevalence of spherical equivalent was much common from -1.00 diopter to -4.00 diopter. On the other hand, the prevalence of myopia was much more than hyperopia. There was a statistical significance between OD and OS of rural region in the spherical equivalent power(p<.000). Also, There was a statistical significance between OD and OS of urban region in the spherical equivalent power(p<.004). Therefore, there was a significant statistical similarity between urban and rural regions on the OD and OS in the spherical equivalent power. On the other hand, There was a significant statistical similarity between urban and rural regions of the OD and OS in the astigmatism power(p<0.000). However, in the rural and urban regions there was not statistical significance in the OD and OS concerning the spherical equivalent power and astigmatism power (p>0.1). Conclusions. Myopia was the most common refractive error in Korea young children. while hyperopia was few. There was not a statistical significance as age between rural and urban at spherical equivalent power( P> 0.01). These results suggested that the analysis of the refractive status at young children can give the useful diagnosis data for the correction of visual acuity.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.485-490
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• 2014

등가구면 굴절력에 따른 각막굴절력과 각막난시도, 각막 난시 축의 변화도 분석을 통하여 굴절이상의 원인을 알아보고자 하였다. 20세 이상의 성인 100명을 대상으로 2014년 1월부터 2014년 7월까지 KR-8800을 이용하여 등가구면 굴절력, 각막굴절력, 각막난시도를 측정하였다. 등가구면 굴절력은 $-3.01{\pm}3.79D$로. 각막 굴절력은 $43.79{\pm}1.60D$로, 각막 난시도는 $-1.17{\pm}0.79D$로 측정되었다. 전체 대상자의 등가구면 굴절력 중 근시안은 61%, 정시안은 22%, 원시안은 17%이며, 각막난시가 0.75D 이상은 63%로 나타났으며, 직난시는 84.13%, 도난시는 9.52% 순으로 나타났다. 등가구면 굴절력은 원시에서 근시로 진행함에 따라 각막굴절력이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 유의한 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다(r=-0.25, p=0.01). 성인에 있어서 굴절이상의 원인은 각막 굴절력과 유의한 상관성이 있고, 굴절이상의 대부분은 근시이며 굴절이상도가 더 커질수록 각막 굴절력이 steep 해지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이것이 굴절이상 원인이 될 수 있음을 인식하고 올바른 시기능 관리가 필요 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1337-1344
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• 2019

Purpose. This study was the analyze the refractive status of presbyopia in Korea. Methods. The subjects was from November 2018 to October 2019, two hundred thirty four subjects( 117 male subjects, 117 female subjects; from 40-year old to 88-year old ) were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refraction(Speed -K model, Japan). The myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia were defined as spherical equivalent(SE)≤-0.50 diopters, SE ≥+1.00 D, cylinder error ≥0.75 D and SE difference≥1.00 D between binocular eyes, respectively. Results. The refractive status by spherical equivalent among all subjects was myopia 61.43%, astigmatism 86.86%, emmetropia 19.18%, anisometropia 12.07%, and hyperopia 18.54. The prevalence of myopia and astigmatism were much more common in male. However, The hyperopia and astigmatism were much more common in female. The prevalence of spherical equivalent was much common from -0.50 diopter to -5.00 diopter. On the other hand, the prevalence of astigmatism and myopia was much more than hyperopia in all subjects. There was a statistical significance between OD and OS of the female and male in the spherical equivalent power(p<.000). However, there was not statical significant between female and male of OD and OS in the spherical equivalent power(p<.070). On the other hand, The prevalence of againest axis in astigmatism was more common in all subjects. In ADD power for the near vision correction, the female was much more diopter than male. Conclusions. These results suggested that the analysis of the refractive status on the presbyopia in Korea can give the useful diagnosis data for the correction of visual acuity at near distance.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2019

Perforated plates are used for the steam generator tube-sheet and the Reactor Vessel Closure Head in the Nuclear Power Plant. The ASME code, Section III Appendix A-8000, addresses the analysis of perforated plates, however, this analysis is only limited to the flat plate with a triangular perforation pattern. Based on the concept of the effective elastic constants, simulation of flat and spherical perforated plates and their equivalent solid plates were carried out using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The isotropic material properties of the perforated plate were replaced with anisotropic material properties of the equivalent solid plate and subjected to the same loading conditions. The generated curves of effective elastic constants vs ligament efficiency for the flat perforated plate were in agreement with the design curve provided by ASME code. With this result, a plate with spherical curvature having perforations can be conveniently analyzed with equivalent elastic modulus and equivalent Poisson's ratio.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2013

Purpose. In this study, we divided elementary school students into two investigated groups. The A group is the lower graders(boys 9, girls 18), and the B group is the higher graders(boys 10, girls 13). The myopia progression has been compared with to each group and it has been investigated for variable terms. Methods. We have analyzed the refraction inspection record of 50 students(boys 19, girls 31) who visited optical shops and more than two times in one year. Results. The subject of study were 50 students(boys 19, girls 31). 1. The distribution of spherical equivalent power with ages : boys A group -2.42D, girls A group -2.53D, boys B group -2.63D, girls B group -2.78D. boys B group -2.63D, girls B group -2.78D. 2. The monthly variation of spherical equivalent power : -0.055D(A), -0.04D(B) in boys, and -0.065D(A), -0.07D(B) in girls. Conclusions. Considering monthly variations and Supposing that the time of changing spectacles degrees were the time of refracting inspection. The result : 3.8 month for A group, 4.5 month for B group in boys, and 3.5 month for A group, 5.2 month for B group in girls.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Purpose. To analysis the prevalence of the myopia and corneal astigmatism in Korea women university students. Methods. From August 2011 to December 2012, one hundreds subjects were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Keratometry. Results. The mean age of the 100 subjects (200 eyes) was $21.23{\pm}2.34$. The mean spherical refractive power was -$1.78{\pm}1.65$(OD) and -$1.83{\pm}1.67$(OS) Diopter. The mean astigmatism power was $1.22{\pm}0.96$ (OD) and $1.27{\pm}0.91$ (OS). The mean corneal astigmatism was $1.44{\pm}0.81$(OD) and $1.55{\pm}0.93$(OS). Corneal astigmatism was between 0.25 D and 1.25 D in 67.7% of eyes, 1.25 D or higher in 27.5% eyes, and less than 0.25 D in 4.8% of eyes. Astigmatism was with the rule in 65%, against the rule in 31.5%, and oblique in 3.5%. There was a statistical significance between right eye and left eye in the spherical equivalent power(p=0.002). Also there was a statistical significance between spherical power and refractive astigmatism in OD(p=0.006) and OS(0.003) and a statistical significance between corneal astigmatism and refractive astigmatism in OS(p=0.0003). However, there was not a statistical significance between spherical power and corneal astigmatism in OD(p=0.08) and OS(0.1) and a statistical significance between corneal astigmatism and refractive astigmatism in OS(p=0.48). Conclusions. In this study, these results suggested that the analysis of the refractive myopia and corneal astigmatism can provide the visual correct and useful diagnosis information for the eyewear dispensing, contact lens fitting and corneal refraction surgery.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.435-440
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• 2016

양안 굴절이상 차이에 의한 안광학상수 변화도 분석을 통한 양안 굴절이상 차이의 특성을 이해 할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 20-59세의 건강한 성인 100명을 대상으로 KR-8800을 이용하여 등가구면 굴절력과 각막곡률 반경을, IOL Master를 사용하여 안축장길이와 전방깊이를 측정하였으며, 측정값의 차이는 우안 측정값-좌안 측정값의 차이값에 절대 값을 구하여 사용하였다. 전체 대상자의 등가구면 굴절력은 $-1.83{\pm}2.17D$이고, 안축장길이는 23.00~24.99mm, 각막곡률반경은 7.50~7.89mm, 전방깊이는 3.60~4.09mm의 범위에서 가장 많았다. 양안 등가구면 굴절력 차이에 따른 양안 안축장길이 차이와 양안 전방깊이의 차이가 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 또한, 양안 굴절력 차이에 의한 양안 안축장 길이 차이가 가장 크고, 가장 높은 상관성이 있었다. 양안 굴절력 차이는 안광학 상수와 밀접한 관계가 있고, 양안 굴절력 차이에 의하여 여러 가지 시기능 문제가 발생 할 수 있으므로, 양안 굴절이상 차이에 따른 요인별 분류를 통한 융복합 연구가 필요하다.