• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2005

In this study, we analyzed consumers' extra willingness-to-pay for the organic farmed laver, which recently is related to the increased interests in health. Survey questionnaires, which are targeted the urban consumers and based on the equivalent surplus concept, were intended to calculate extra willingness-to-pay for the organic farmed laver. Payment card format was used as the questionnaires type and tobit model was used for the analysis. Variables used for the analysis are sex, age, region, occupation, number in family and income. The results were that the consumers had extra willness-to-pay of 17.16% on average for the eco-friendly organic farmed laver. The higher the income and the more the family number, the customers had more extra willingness-to-pay.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.53-74
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• 1991

Interest on ocean environment has increased with the development of industrialized activities. Public marine resorces are defined broadly to include fish stocks, beaches, marine waters, recreational fishing, biota, waterfowls, shorebirds, seabirds and marine mammals But, it is not easy to analyze compensation for injury to publicly owned marine resources because the claimants do not exist clearly and the economic methodology of damage on public goods is not developed fully. This paper introduces basic idea of welfare economic theory and environmental legislation to the research question : How the economics and law can be applied to the case of damage on publicly owned marine resource. The paper discusses the concepts of willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA). It is accepted generally that WTA is correct concept of welfare change in the case of damaged public goods. Four methods (compensating variation, equivalent variation, compensating surplus, equivalent surplus of measuring welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes are compared. Compensating variation(CV) is the best measure of welfare changes caused by environmental damage. Vartia (1983) showed CV could be measured from the ordinary demand function using the differential equations. This paper also provides an overview of the emerging U.S. and Korea legal system for compensation for natural resource damages, with particular emphasis on U.S. legal system under Comprehensive Environmen-tal Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). These regulations are to include two different types of standardized procedures for assessing natural resources injury : Type A or simplified assessment techniques for small releases ; and Type B protocols that would include detailed and extensive assessment methodologies for major releases. Type A procedures are specified by Natural Resources Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Environment (NRDAM/CME) of the U.S. CERCLA provides a legal 'legitimization for the use of economic-based nonmarket valuation in the courts and have introduced appropriate and accurate nonmarket valuation methods based on willingness to-pay for damage assessment. By briefly reviewing economic theory and environmental legislation, we hope to help provide a better understanding of the compensation process and the economics of publicly owned marine resources in the U.S. and to integrate the economics and law of natural resources valuation into a single comprehensive package in Korea.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.114-122
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• 1988

This paper aims to identify the characteristics of the tenant farm's income compared with farm household consumption. Farm household surplus is a critical criteria for the reproduction of agriculture. The degree of self sufficiency of farm household consumption according to agricultural income was rapidly decreasing for the period of 1980's. Only 78.9 percents of farm household consumption was earned by agricultural income. Tenant farms were classified according to the following characteristics; self-supported, semi self-supported, leased, deleted, over-consumption. Self-supported tenants are one of the backbones of Korea's future agriculture, because they are able to meet their household needs by only their farm work without other income producing endeavors. The rent paid by those tenants surveyed was estimated at 26.2 percents of their farm household income. However, the national average for such rental payment is equivalent to 4.7 percents of farm household income. 63 percents of paddy rental fee was paid by inkind of rice and 80 percents of the upland rental fee was paid by cash. Self-supported farms as 20 percents of total surveyed should be the target of agricultural price policy and semi self-supported & over-consumption farms as 30 percents be that of rural development policy, and the other half be that of social welfare policy.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제46권
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• pp.7-36
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• 2001

The current benefit expenditure of National Pension Scheme is comparatively small, as it stands in the early stage in reference to the historical development. On the other hand, the current contribution rate of National Pension is set up beyond which is sufficient to cover the current benefit expenditure. Therefore, National Pension makes big surplus every year such that the size of accumulated fund increases very fast. Nevertheless, the apprehension of financial instability of National Pension prevails these days. If so, is it really well-grounded? In terms of the method of financing. public pension schemes of most of all nations in the world are based on pay-as you go or partial funding. Under these financing methods, financial soundness fundamentally depends on the power that the government is able to impose the burden which is equivalent to benefit expenditure and the attitude of the public which represents whether they will admit it or not. Under this perspective, the judgement of financial soundness of public pension can not be made arithmetically and technically only on the basis of the balance between receipts and expenditure but should be accomplished considering the very complex and diverse aspects. In these context, this paper defines what the financial soundness of public pension means specifically and presents the objective indices which help judge it, that is, implicit debt, cost rate, summarized cost rate, pension expenditure as percentage of GDP, and fund rate. Then, applying the indices, this paper analyzes the long-term financial situation of National Pension empirically and evaluates its financial soundness in exploratory perspective.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.789-795
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the appropriate surplus of clothing for a jacket bodice pattern of middle-aged obese men by using the 3D virtual twin and virtual garment simulation system. The results were as follows ; 1. BMI rate of middle-aged males was 28.13 which was equivalent to mild obesity, whereas WHR(W/H ratio from waist to hips) rate was near 1.00 which was highly dangerous against their obesity. In case of middle-aged obese men, the WHR was significantly higher than the entire middle-aged men's average and the section shape in which their thickness was relatively more than width. 2. As a result of appearances evaluation through virtual garment simulation, the cut-off amount of the side seam and the center back was regulated accordingly. Hereby, the final tolerance range was set up at 21.15 cm at the hips, so that the appearances became better and the bilateral distribution of the cross section and space length was formed symmetrically. Especially in case of increasing the cross amount of hems to produce a natural silhouette of the waist-to-hips parts, the ease of buttocks was judged to be moderate, but it turned out that a wavy cross section was made and the silhouette was not good. Thus it was found to be not good that the ease of the hips became excessively increased in proportion as circumference of waist and belly were increased in obesity. The use of the virtual twin made it impossible to comprehend the appearances and ease correspondent to motions. In order to evaluate wearing fitness, therefore, the system should be improved so as to change arm positions and perform various motions.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.243-250
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• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate mineral content of Winter Rye, Nitrogen Balance, Soil chemical characteristics and NO,-N level in infiltration water as affected by different slurry application on the basis of N contents respectively and was arranged as a randomized complete block design with seven treatments (chemical fertilizer 160kg Nha, cattle slurry 160 . 320 - 480kg Nha, swine slurry 160 - 320 - 480kg Nha) and conducted at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, in Suweon fiom Sep. 1996. to Apr. 1997. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Nirogen, Phosphorous, Calcium and Potassium of Winter Rye slightly increased as slurry application level was increased (p$NO_3$-N content ($\mu$g/g) of Winter Rye was shown fiom 780 to 1,462 in all treatments, especially , the swine slurry plots were significantly higher than that of cattle sluny plots (p < 0.05). As slurry application increased, show a marked trend toward surplus N input in all treatment. The pH of the topsoil (0~IOcm) was shown 6om 5.1 to 5.4 except the plot of chemical fertilizer before experiment pH of 5.1, but the pH of the subsoil (10~20cm) tended not to be regular. The content of available ,TEX>$P_2O_5$ inaeased with the increased application of slurry, particularly, the topsoil (O- 1Ocm) were much higher than the subsoil (10~20cm). The $NO_3$-N content of infiltration water (depth:lm) was increased as affected by sluny application.

• 한국조사연구학회지:조사연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.47-76
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• 2002

출발점 편의는 최초입찰이 응답자의 최종입찰에 영향을 미치는 반복입찰 프레임 위에서 발생한다. 입찰게임은 가상상황 가치평가 연구에서 비시장재의 가치평가를 할 때에 가장 흔히 사용되는 방법이며 개별면접이나 전화면접의 방법으로 이루어진다. 입찰은 응답자에게 최초 입찰을 제시함으로써 시작되는데 응답자가 최초입찰을 기꺼이 지불할 용의가 있으면 부정적 응답이 나올 때까지 입찰값을 올리고 최초입찰에 부정적이었을 때는 수용할 수 있는 금액이 나올 때까지 입찰값을 낮추어 가게 된다. 최종 입찰은 응답자의 힉스적 보상 또는 가치평가 하려는 항목의 동등 잉여를 측정하는 척도로 생각된다. 본 논문에서는 입찰게임에 있어서의 출발점 편의를 실증적으로 검토하였다. 즉, 최종입찰이 최초 입찰의 크기에 의하여 영향을 받고 있는지를 서울과 그 근처에서 수돗물의 수질개선을 위한 지불 의사액을 추정하는 과정에서 입찰게임을 적용함으로써 실증적으로 검정하였다. 검정결과는 출발점 편의가 존재하는 것으로 생각되며 그 크기는 ${\delta}$=-0.265237.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2021

Background: Artificial grafts such as polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) are used for various cardiovascular surgical procedures. The compliance properties of prosthetic grafts could affect hemodynamic energy, which can be measured using the energy-equivalent pressure (EEP) and surplus hemodynamic energy (SHE). We investigated changes in the hemodynamic energy of prosthetic grafts. Methods: In a simulation test, the changes in EEP for these grafts were estimated using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS. The Young modulus, Poisson ratio, and density were used to analyze the grafts' material properties, and pre- and post-graft EEP values were obtained by computing the product of the pressure and velocity. In an in vivo study, Dacron and ePTFE grafts were anastomosed in an end-to-side fashion on the descending thoracic aorta of swine. The pulsatile pump flow was fixed at 2 L/min. Real-time flow and pressure were measured at the distal part of each graft, while clamping the other graft and the descending thoracic aorta. EEP and SHE were calculated and compared. Results: In the simulation test, the mean arterial pressure decreased by 39% for all simulations. EEP decreased by 42% for both grafts, and by around 55% for the native blood vessels after grafting. The in vivo test showed no significant difference between both grafts in terms of EEP and SHE. Conclusion: The post-graft hemodynamic energy was not different between the Dacron and ePTFE grafts. Artificial grafts are less compliant than native blood vessels; however, they can deliver pulsatile blood flow and hemodynamic energy without any significant energy loss.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.29-54
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• 1992

무역자유화(貿易自由化)나 지역경제통합(地域經濟統合)의 경제적(經濟的) 효과(效果)를 논의할 때 시장구조(市場構造)와 규모(規模)의 경제(經濟)와 관련된 개방효과(開放效果)를 분석(分析)하는 것이 중요하다. 잠재시장(潛在市場)의 크기가 확대되는 데에 따르는 제품차별화(製品差別化)의 심화(深化)나 규모(規模)의 경제실현(經濟實現)은 '무역(貿易)의 이익(利益)'의 차원(次元)을 확장시킨다. 개방(開放)에 따르는 해외로부터의 경쟁강화(競爭强化)는 국내기업(國內企業)의 경쟁환경(競爭環境)을 심화(深化)시켜 시장진입(市場進入) 퇴출(退出)과 산업합리화(産業合理化)에 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 본고(本稿)는 무역장벽완화(貿易障壁緩和)가 유발하는 자원배분효과(資源配分效果) 및 후생효과(厚生效果)뿐만 아니라, 시장구조(市場構造)가 불완전경쟁적(不完全競爭的)이고 생산과정(生産過程)에 규모(規模)의 경제(經濟)가 존재(存在)하기 때문에 나타나는 '개방(開放)의 이익(利益)'을 가상적(假想的)인 한국(韓國) 일본(日本)의 쌍무적(雙務的) 관세인하효과분석(關稅引下效果分析)을 중심으로 검토하고 있다. 이를 위하여 전산업을 완전경쟁적(完全競爭的) 산업(産業), 불완전경쟁적(不完全競爭的) 산업(産業), 비교역산업(非交易産業)으로 구성되는 30개 산업으로 분류하였으며, 가상적(假想的)인 관세인하(關稅引下)(한국(韓國)의 경우 법정관세 인하, 일본(日本)의 경우 실적관세율 50%인하)를 상정(想定)하여 이것이 양국의 산업에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 관세인하는 산업내(産業內) 무역(貿易)을 증가(增加)시킬 것이나, 산업합리화(産業合理化) 효과(效果)나 규모(規模)의 경제(經濟) 실현(實現)에 미치는 영향은 크지 않을 것으로 추정된다. 또한 관세인하(關稅引下)로 한국(韓國)과 일본(日本)의 총수출(總輸出)과 총수입(總輸入)이 모두 증가하나, 한국(韓國)의 경우 수출증가보다 수입증가가 큰 반면 일본(日本)의 경우 수입증가보다 수출증가가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 한편 관세인하로 한국(韓國)과 일본(日本)의 총산출증가(總産出增加)가 예상되는데, 증가폭은 각각 0.5~0.6%에 이를 것으로 예상된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.88-101
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• 1993

This study is aimed at evaluating the present management status of the rural special production area development projects and identifying managerial problems to propose new direction of the political countermeasures for the projects. In the con text of implementing the five year's economic developent plans for the past three decades, agricultural production and farm-household income have also been grown rapidly. However the income gap between rural and urbarn laborer, as an internal problem, has widened during the decades and the UR problems concerning free trade of agricultural products, as an external problems, are now agonizing the small-holder farm economy in Korea. The internal and external farm problems could be solved through improvement of agricultural structure and provision of off-farm jobs for farm household income increase. As a part of the off-farm income sources, the rural special production area development projects have propelled by the government throughout the country. The main problems to be solved for the successful implementation of the projects are as follows : 1. Present loan amount by the financial fund was estimated at 6-7% of the total installation costs required. To expand and implement the project successfully, enough financial credit support with favorable terms and conditions have to be considered by the government. 2. The operation patterns of the special production area development project should be recommended from the view point of cooperative and private operation to maximize farm household incomes including profits, marketing charges and dividens. 3. Improvement of the marketing channel of the products and marketing information through TV program and other mass communication should be implemented strongly to promote marketsales by the financial supports of the government. 4. In connection with the off-farm income increase, the population migrating to urban area in outside Chungnam province equivalent to 10-12 thousand persons with age of 20-49 years should be taken into account politically to be employed in the projects in the province. 5. Surplus farm labors should be created by means of improvement of agricultural structure including large farm management with farm mechanization and job opportunities have also to be provided in connection with the rural special production area development projects. The two imminent subjects are the prerequisites to increase off-farm incomes for the farmers living in Chungnam province. 6. Required credit supports for investment and operation costs of the projects should be taken actions by the government.