• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1352-1358
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• 2004

The mechanical spring is one of widely used machine elements. Among various kinds, flat-type spring loaded by a rotating pin was studied. A flat spring was simplified to a cantilever beam, and numerical analysis was attempted. Since the loading pin rotates about a separate axis from the fixed spring or vice versa, the location, direction, and magnitude of the contact force including normal contact and friction loads vary accordingly. Meanwhile, the spring is deformed substantially as the relative motion progresses. Therefore, this problem needs to be formulated taking the follower loading characteristics and geometrical non-linearity into account. Derived nonlinear differential equation was solved to yield the spring deflection, contact force and the torque to rotate the pin, and the result was compared with a finite element solution. Also, the influences of principal design parameters were studied. The proposed methodology is expected to be useful for the design of pin-loaded flat spring and the prevention of mechanical failures in the form of yielding or fatigue failure of spring or severe wear of the components.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1233-1240
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• 2010

In the flat panel display and semiconductor industries, the visual alignment system is considered as a core technology which determines the productivity of a manufacturing line. It consists of the vision system to extract the centroids of alignment marks and the stage control system to compensate the alignment error. In this paper, we develop a Kalman filter algorithm to estimate the alignment mark postures and propose a coarse-fine alignment control method which utilizes both original fine images and reduced coarse ones in the visual feedback. The error compensation trajectory for the distributed joint servos of the alignment stage is generated in terms of the inverse kinematic solution for the misalignment in task space. In constructing the estimation algorithm, the equation of motion for the alignment marks is given by using the forward kinematics of alignment stage. Secondly, the measurements for the alignment mark centroids are obtained from the reduced images by applying the geometric template matching. As a result, the proposed Kalman filter based coarse-fine alignment control method enables a considerable reduction of alignment time.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.607-623
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• 2024

This article studies the effects of heat generation/absorption and thermal radiation on the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Casson fluid flow past a vertical plate through rotating porous medium with constant temperature and mass diffusion. It is assumed that the plate temperature and concentration level are raised uniformly. For finding the exact solution, a set of non-dimensional partial differential equations is solved analytically using the Laplace transform technique. The influence of various non-dimensional parameters on the velocity are discussed, including the effects of the magnetic parameter M, heat generation/absorption Q, thermal radiation parameter R, Prandtl number Pr, Schmidt number Sc, permeability of porous medium parameter, Casson fluid parameter γ, on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, which are discussed through several figures. It is found that velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles in the case of heat generation parameter Q, Casson fluid parameter γ, thermal Grashof number Gr, mass Grashof number Gc, Permeability Porous medium parameter K, and time t have retarding effects. It is also seen that the magnetic field M, Thermal Radiation parameter R, Prandtl field Pr, Schmidt number Sc have reverse effects on it.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.499-505
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• 2011

This paper presents optimal design of controllable magnetorheological suspension unit for a tracked vehicle. As a first step, a double-rod type MR suspension unit is designed on the basis of the Bingham model of commercially available MR fluid, and its damping characteristics are evaluated with respect to the intensity of the magnetic field. Subsequently, the governing equation of motion of the MR suspension system featuring the MR valve is established. Then, the optimization problem to find optimal geometric dimensions of the MR supension unit is formulated by considering an objective function which is related to damping torque and control energy. The first order optimization method intergrated with a commercial finite element method(FEM) software is adopted to obtain optimal solution of the system. The performance characteristics of the optimized MR susepnsion unit is then evaluated and compared with initial one.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.30 no.10 s.253
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• pp.966-972
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• 2006

A numerical simulation is performed fur developing turbulent flow in a strongly curved 180 deg pipe and its downstream tangent by a new solution code(PowerCFD) which adopts an unstructured cell-centered method. The governing equations are discretized as the full elliptic from of the equations of motion. Three typical two-equation turbulence models of low-Reynolds-number form are used to approximate the turbulent stress field. Solutions fur both streamwise and circumferential velocity components are compared with the experimental data by Azzola et at.(1986). The ${\kappa}-{\omega}$ model by Wilcox(1988) is found to give better prediction performance than the other two. Predicted secondary velocities and streamwise velocity component contours at sequential longitudinal stations are also presented in order to enable a detailed description of the complete flow. It is also found that, in the bend both mean streamwise and secondary velocities never achieve a fully-developed state and the code is capable of producing very well the complex nature of steady flow in a strongly curved pipe.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.7 no.6 s.27
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• pp.45-54
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• 2004

Governing equations and numerical solution methods are derived for the analysis of a combination-type-staggered-labyrinth seal used in high performance steam turbines. A bulk flow is assumed for each combination-type-staggered-labyrinth cavity. Axial flow through a throttling labyrinth strip is determined by Neumann's leakage equation and circumferential flow is assumed to be completely turbulent in the labyrinth cavity. Moody's wall-friction-factor formula is used for the calculation of wall shear stresses. For the reaction force developed by the seal, linearized zeroth-order and first-order perturbation equations are developed for small motion near the centered position. Integration of the resultant first-order pressure distribution along and around the seal defines the rotordynamic coefficients of the combination-type-staggered-labyrinth seal. Theoretical results of leakage and rotordynamic characteristics for the IP4-stage seal of USC (ultra super critical) steam turbine are shown with the effect of sump pressure, the number of throttling labyrinth strip, and rotor speed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.199-203
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• 2004

In this paper, a simplified model is studied to predict analytically the radiated noise from the helical gear system due to an axial excitation of helical gear. The simplified model describes gear, shaft, bearing, and housing. To obtain the axial force of helical gear, mesh stiffness is calculated in the load deflection relation. The axial force is obtained from the solution of the equation of motion, using the mesh stiffness. It is used as a longitudinal excitation of the shaft, which in turn drives the gear housing through the bearing. In this study, the shaft is modeled as a rod, while the bearing is modeled as a parallel spring and damper only supporting longitudinal forces. The gear housing is modeled as a clamped circular plate with viscous damping. For the modeling of this system, transfer function from the shaft to the clamped plate are used, using a spectral method with four pole parameters. Out-of-plane displacement for the thin circular plate with viscous damping is derived and sound pressure radiated from the plate is also derived. Using the model, parameter studies are carried out.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.902-910
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• 2018

This paper deals with spacecraft intercept problem on non-coplanar elliptical obit considering J2 perturbation. This disturbance addressed in this work is a major factor changing the trajectory of a spacecraft orbiting the Earth. To resolve this issue, a real-time intercept method is proposed. This method is based on the optimization problem which consist of the equation of motion considering spherical earth and impulse, and the optimal solution numerically obtained is set as the direction of the thrust of the interceptor. The position error is resolved by iteratively solving the optimization problem and modifying the direction of thrust of interceptor. The proposed method in this paper is verified by using various numerical examples.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2018

The free longitudinal vibration of a circular truncated nanocone is investigated based on the nonlocal elasticity theory. Exact analytical formulations for tapered nanostructures are derived and the nonlinear differential governing equation of motion is developed. The nonlocal small scale effect unavailable in classical continuum theory is addressed to reveal the long-range interaction of atoms implicated in nonlocal constitutive relation. Unlike most previous studies applying the truncation method to the infinite higher-order differential equation, this paper aims to consider all higher-order terms to show the overall nonlocality. The explicit solution of nonlocal stress for longitudinal deformation is determined and it is an infinite series incorporating the classical stress derived in classical mechanics of materials and the infinite higher-order derivative of longitudinal displacement. Subsequently, the first three modes natural frequencies are calculated numerically and the significant effects of nonlocal small scale and vertex angle on natural frequencies are examined. The coupling phenomenon of natural frequency is observed and it is induced by the combined effects of nonlocal small scale and vertex angle. The critical value of nonlocal small scale is defined, and after that a new proposal for determining the range of nonlocal small scale is put forward since the principle of choosing the nonlocal small scale is still unclear at present. Additionally, two different types of nonlocal effects, namely the nonlocal stiffness weakening and strengthening, reversed phenomena existing in nanostructures are observed and verified. Hence the opposite nonlocal effects are resolved again clearly. The nano-engineers dealing with a circular truncated nanocone-based sensors and oscillators may benefit from the present work.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2018

The present study is dedicated to investigate the SH body-as well as Love-waves propagation effects in porous media with uncertain porosity and permeability. A unified formulation of the governing equations for one-dimensional (1-D) wave propagation in anisotropic porous layered media is presented deterministically. The uncertainties around the above two cited parameters are taken into account by random fields with the help of Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS). Random samples of the porosity and the permeability are generated according to the normal and lognormal distribution functions, respectively, with a mean value and a coefficient of variation for each one of the two parameters. After performing several thousands of samples, the mathematical expectation (mean) of the solution of the wave propagation equations in terms of amplification functions for SH waves and in terms of dispersion equation for Love-waves are obtained. The limits of the Love wave velocity in a porous soil layer overlaying a homogeneous half-space are obtained where it is found that random variations of porosity change the zeros of the wave equation. Also, the increase of uncertainties in the porosity (high coefficient of variation) decreases the mean amplification function amplitudes and shifts the fundamental frequencies. However, no effects are observed on both Love wave dispersion and amplification function for random variations of permeability. Lastly, the present approach is applied to a case study in the Adapazari town basin so that to estimate ground motion accelerations lacked in the fast-growing during the main shock of the damaging 1999 Kocaeli earthquake.