• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

Objectives : Saururus chinensis and Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) are perennial herbs using for medicinal purposes in Korea. The objectives of this study are to compare anatomical key characters between two medicinal plants and to provide fundamental information for the identification of two herbal medicines by using anatomical features. Methods : Cross-sections of root, rhizome, stem, petiole, and leaf for each species were observed in this study. Materials were analyzed through dehydration, paraffin embedding and micro-sectioning, and double staining with Safranin O and Fast-Green FCF. Observations of permanent preparation were conducted using light microscope. Results : S. chinensis and H. cordata were distinguished with anatomical differentiations; Idioblasts with essential oil were scattered in the parenchyma cell of cortex, pith, and phloem of S. chinensis, on the other hand, in H. cordata, idioblasts were distributed ring-shaped in the cortex of the root. S. chinensis had two cycles of vascular bundles in the stem while H. cordata had one cycle. Hypodermis layer was conspicuous in a stem of H. cordata, crystals were observed the only parenchyma in a stem of S. chinensis, and epidermal oil cells were developed in the epidermis of H. cordata. S. chinensis had air cavity at the cortex and pith of the stem. The shape of cross-section was polygonal in the stem of S. chinensis and was circular in the stem of H. cordata. Conclusions : We investigated anatomical study of Korean S. chinensis and H. cordata. To identify two herbal medicines, we considered main anatomical features and provided identification key here.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1983

This study was carried out to investigate ontogeny of stomata and aerenchyma tissue in Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa Makino, an aquatic plant. Ontogeny of stomata in this plant was an aperigenous type surrounding with 5 to 8 epidermal cells without subsidiary cells. Stomata were distributed abundantly on the upper surface of leaf, however, no stoma was found on the lower surface of leaf, and on the epidermis of reproductive organ, petiole and stem. Ontogency of aerenchyma tissue was progressed with five steps; 1) formation of angular cells by division of cortex cells, 2) development of small and large globular cells in accompany with schizogenous intercellular space, 3) enlargement of globular cells and more expansion of intercellular space, 4) cell induction of long elliptic and triarmed shape, 5) completion of the largest intercellular space from endodermis toepidermis. During the growth period two types of leaf were appeared at each node of stems; one type was a submerged and early-fallen leaf, the other was a floating leaf on water surface.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.333-346
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• 1998

In order In study the effects of an immunosuppression and a mitigation of inflammation of Gamiseungmagalgeuntang(GMSG) on the allergic contact dermatitis, contact hypersensitivity assay, mast cell, VCAM-1, and T cell of the lymph node in mice induced allergic contact dermatitis by the contacts-sensitizing DNCB were obsereved after oral administration of GMSG extract. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Ear swelling in contact hypersensitivity assay was decreased in the GMSG group as compared with DNCB group. 2. It was investigated that mast cells were appeared degranulated type in DNCB group and a number of granulated type was more GMSG group than DNCB group. 3. VCAM-1 expression in epidermis and CD11b positive cell in dermis were decreased In the GMSG group as compared with DNCB group. 4. In the lymph node ,the distribution of CD4, CD8, IL-2R positive cell were decreased at the cortex and medula in the GMSG group as compared with DNCB group.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 1992

Polysaccharide contents in Panax ginseng roots were evaluated by a spectrophotometry, utilizing the complex formation of ginseng polysaccharide with alcian blue dye in 50 mM ammonium biphos-phate, pH 4.2. The polysaccharide content in red ginseng was about three times higher than that in fresh ginseng when both were extracted with water, and increased about two times when red ginseng was extracted with an alkaline solution. The determination of polysaccharide in various parts of ginseng revealed that main roots contained the component more than fine roots. Fresh ginseng sections stained by the dye showed polysaccharide mainly was found in cortex and combium but not in epidermis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.217-221
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• 1992

Total polysaccharide contents in Panax ginseng roots were evaluated by a spectrophotometry, utilizing the complex formation of ginseng polysaccharide with alcian blue dye in 50 mM ammonium biphosphate, pH 4.2. The total polysaccharide content in red ginseng was about three times higher than that in fresh ginseng when both were extracted with water, and was increased about two times when red ginseng was extracted with an alkaline solution. The determination of total polysaccharide in various parts of ginseng revealed that main roots contained the component more than fine roots. Fresh ginseng sections stained by the dye showed polysaccharide mainly found in cortex and cambium but not in epidermis. Pattern-analysis on total and acidic polysaccharides from fresh and red ginsengs exhibited that the chemical compositions of the polysaccharides extracted from both ginsengs quite differed from each other.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.396-399
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• 2004

본 실험은 고체배지를 이용한 새로운 실험방법을 이용하여 건조 및 염 스트레스에 대한 식물체의 형태학적인 특성을 뿌리신장률, 근단구조, 물질생산 등의 측면에서 조사하였다. PEG 및 NaCl 처리조건에서 처리 농도가 증가할수록 벼 식물체의 뿌리신장이 현저하게 저하되었으며, PEC 및 NaCl 처리에 따른 벼 식물체의 뿌리는 methyl-lignin 축적에 의한 리그닌화가 진행되었으며, 수분결핍을 극복하려는 기작으로 표피세포를 변형시킨 근모의 발생이 관찰되었다. 또한 PEG 및 NaCl 처리에 의한 벼 식물체의 지상부와 지하부의 건물 생산량의 현저한 감소는 지상부보다 지하부에서 뚜렷하였으며, 그 결과 PEG 및 NaCl 처 처리농도를 증가시킴에 따라 TR율의 증가를 보였다. 상기의 결과로부터 건조 및 염 처리를 한 고체배지를 이용함으로써 벼의 경우 스트레스 처리 전 약 2주간 유묘를 생육시키는 양액재배에 비해 발아기의 각종 스트레스에 대한 식물체 반응의 관찰과 내성 특성 검정에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.67-73
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• 1979

단풍나무류(類)의 배축삽수(胚軸揷穗)에서 부정근(不定根)의 형성기원(形成基源)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 단풍나무, 아기단풍나무 및 은단풍나무등의 종자(種子)를 파종(播種)하여 10일후(日後)에 얻은 길이 5cm의 배축삽수(胚軸揷穗)를 증류수(蒸溜水)에 꽂아 발근(發根)한 개체(個體)를 취(取)하여 발근부위(發根部位)를 microtom으로 절단(切斷)하여 Safranin-Fast green 이중염색(二重染色)을 하여 검경(檢鏡)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 단풍나무류(類) 배축삽수(胚軸揷穗)의 횡단면(橫斷面)의 구조(構造)는 외측(外側)으로부터 표피(表皮), 피층(皮層), 유관속(維管束) 및 수(隨)로 구성(構成)되어 있으며, 유관속(維管束)은 은단풍나무는 다원형(多原型), 단풍나무와 아기단풍나무는 4원형(原型)으로서 환상(環狀)을 이루고 있다. 2. 근원기(根原基)의 형성(形成)은 은단풍나무는 사부유조직(篩部柔組織) 및 유관속간유조직(維管束間柔組織)으로부터, 단풍나무와 아기단풍나무는 유관속간유조직세포(維管束間柔組織細胞)가 사부세포(篩部細胞)와 관련(關聯)하여 이루어지며, 삽수(揷穗)의 기부단면(基部斷面)에 callus의 형성(形成)은 없었다. 3. 단풍나무의 배축삽수(胚軸揷穗)는 대부분(大部分) 유조직(柔組織)으로서 세포(細胞) 분열능력(分裂能力)이 왕성(旺盛)하며, 형성(形成)된 근원기(根原基)는 계속(繼續) 부정근(不定根)으로 발달(發達)하여 유조직(柔組織)인 피층(皮層)과 표피계(表皮系)를 뚫고 나와 발근(發根)이 용이(容易)한 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.307-315
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• 2017

Background: Red-skin root disease has seriously decreased the quality and production of Panax ginseng (ginseng). Methods: To explore the disease's origin, comparative analysis was performed in different parts of the plant, particularly the epidermis, cortex, and/or fibrous roots of 5-yr-old healthy and diseased red-skin ginseng. The inorganic element composition, phenolic compound concentration, reactive oxidation system, antioxidant concentrations such as ascorbate and glutathione, activities of enzymes related to phenolic metabolism and oxidation, and antioxidative system particularly the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were examined using conventional methods. Results: Aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), magnesium, and phosphorus were increased, whereas manganese was unchanged and calcium was decreased in the epidermis and fibrous root of red-skin ginseng, which also contained higher levels of phenolic compounds, higher activities of the phenolic compound-synthesizing enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the phenolic compound oxidation-related enzymes guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. As the substrate of guaiacol peroxidase, higher levels of $H_2O_2$ and correspondingly higher activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were found in red-skin ginseng. Increased levels of ascorbate and glutathione; increased activities of $\text\tiny L$-galactose 1-dehydrogenase, ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, and glutathione reductase; and lower activities of dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were found in red-skin ginseng. Glutathione-S-transferase activity remained constant. Conclusion: Hence, higher element accumulation, particularly Al and Fe, activated multiple enzymes related to accumulation of phenolic compounds and their oxidation. This might contribute to red-skin symptoms in ginseng. It is proposed that antioxidant and antioxidative enzymes, especially those involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycles, are activated to protect against phenolic compound oxidation.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.1-29
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• 2014

Objectives Dictamni Radicis Cortex extracts (DRC) has been known to suppress allergic reaction, however the cellular target of DRC and its mode of action remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Dictamni Radicis Cortex extracts on DNCB induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions of NC/Nga mouse. Methods This study was designed to investigate the effects of DRC extract in the DNP-IgE-induced activation of MC/9 murine mast cell lines in vitro and in the DNCB-induced activation of NC/Nga mouse in vivo. For this investigation, We examined IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF mRNA expression by Real-time PCR, IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production by ELISA analysis and manifestations of NFAT1, NFAT2, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 transcription factors by western blotting in vitro. Then, we examined WBC, eosinophil and neutrophil in NC/Nga mouse, IL-5, IL-13 in serum, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4 in the spleenocyte culture supernatant, the absolute cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $^+Gr-1^+CD11b$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the ALN, PBMCs and dorsal skin, IL-5, IL-13 in the dorsal skin by Real-time PCR and the distribution of mast cells by H&E and toluidine blue. Results In vitro the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$, GM-CSF and IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production by ELISA analysis were completely abolished by DRC and the western blot analysis decreased the expression of mast cell-specific transcription factors including NFAT-1, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65. In vivo DRC oral adminstration also decreased the counts of WBC, eosinophils and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-13 and IgE in the serum. DRC oral adminstration elevated IL-4 level in the spleenocyte culture supernatant. DRC oral adminstration decreased total ALN cells, total skin cells, cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the ALN, $^+Gr-1^+CD11b$ in the PBMCs and $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$ in the dorsal skin. The mRNA expression of IL-5, IL-13, thickness of epidermis, inflammation immune cells and mast cells were abolished by DRC in the dorsal skin. Conclusions Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of AD-induced NC/Nga mouse were much improved by DRC oral adminstration. These results, therefore, suggest that DRC can regulate molecular mediators and immune cells that are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/Nga mouse, and may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2001

돌가자미의 피부 상피층을 다층상피층으로 지지세포, 선세포 그리고 과립세포들로 구성된다. 상피층은 지지세포의 형태와 구조에 따라 표면층, 중간층 및 기저층으로 구분 할 수 있었다. 지지세포들의 세포질은 피질부와 수질부로 나누어지는데 피질부에는 미세섬유의 발달이 뚜렷하다. 점액세포들은 단세포선으로 상피의 표면층과 중간층에서 관찰된다. 점액세포의 점액물질은 중성이며, carboxylated mucosubstance의 당단백 질로 확인되었다. 곤봉상세포는 세포질에 잘 발달된 활면소포체와 골지체를 가진다. 과립세포는 주로 중간층과 기저층에 존재하고, 세포질은 막을 가진 전자밀도가 높은 과립들이 차지한다. 색소세포는 세포질에 존재하는 함유물의 전자밀도에 따라 세 종류로 구분할 수 있었으며, 색소세포 근처에서 신경종말을 관찰할 수 있었다.