• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.8
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• pp.307-311
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• 2019

Purpose: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most serious complications of prematurity. Many risk factors can contribute to the development of NEC. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a major role in intestinal barrier function, increases intestinal enzyme activity, and improves nutrient transport. The aim of this study was to assess the role of epidermal growth factor in the development of NEC in preterm neonates. Methods: In this study, 130 preterm neonates were included and divided into 3 groups, as follows: group 1, 40 preterm neonates with NEC; group 2, 50 preterm neonates with sepsis; and group 3, 40 healthy preterm neonates as controls. The NEC group was then subdivided into medical and surgical NEC subgroups. The serum EGF level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Serum EGF levels (pg/dL) were significantly lower in the NEC group (median [interquartile range, IQR], 9.6 [2-14]) than in the sepsis (10.1 [8-14]) and control groups (11.2 [8-14], P<0.001), with no significant difference between the sepsis and control groups, and were positively correlated with gestational age (r=0.7, P<0.001). A binary logistic regression test revealed that low EGF levels and gestational ages could significantly predict the development of NEC. The receiver-operating characteristic curve for EGF showed an optimal cutoff value of 8 pg/mL, with 73.3% sensitivity, 98% specificity, and an area under the curve of 0.92. Conclusion: The patients with NEC in this study had significantly lower serum EGF levels (P<0.001), which indicated that EGF could be a reliable marker of NEC in preterm neonates.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.559-568
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• 2020

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a hormone protein that affects cell growth and proliferation, and has various medical applications. In the present study, the gene of human EGF was codon-optimized with E. coli and the expression vector was constructed by cloning into pRSET. In order to obtain the recombinant human EGF in an active form rather than an inclusion body, chaperone co-expression was attempted along with codon optimization, for the first time. The expressed human EGF was isolated in the pure form by performing Ion Exchange Chromatography in two consecutive runs. ELISA analysis showed that the activity of purified EGF was greater than 99%, which is similar to commercially available EGF. Cell proliferation test confirmed that the recombinant human EGF has the ability to promote cell proliferation of human skin fibroblasts. The human EGF expression system of this study gives a significant amount of protein, and does not require the renaturation step and the additional chromatographic system to remove a fusion contaminant, thereby providing a very useful alternative to conventional expression systems for the preparation of recombinant human EGF.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 1995

In order to formulate an aqueous topical preparation of epidermal growth factor(EGF) for the treatment of open wound and bum, the stability of EGF in aqueous vehicles containing various stabilizers was evaluated and the pharmacological activity of gel preparations formulated with poloxamer 407 was determined with wound model. Various additives, which are known as potent stabilizers for proteins and polypeptides so far, were used to increase the stability of EGF in aqueous vehicles. The contents of EGF in the vehicles containing stabilizers were determined with an HPLC method after the storage at $37^{\circ}C$. EGF was more stable in ultrapure water than RO water or saline. All the additives studied resulted in deleterious effects on EGF stability. Therefore, it was speculated that any additives or impurities in the vehicle made EGF unstable. However, nitrogen purge of solution increased the stability of EGF in aqueous vehicles. The aqueous topical preparations of EGF were formulated with poloxamer 407 as a gel base in saline. Gelatin or amastatin was employed as a protease inhibitor. The pharmacological effect of EGF gel was studied with open wound model in mice. EGF preparations, made of oleaginous base or poloxamer gel base, showed significant healing effect compared to the control group(p<0.05). The addition of protease inhibitor in poloxamer 407 gel resulted in significant healing effect compared to the gel without it(p<0.05). Body weights of mice treated with EGF preparation were increased at the first day after the formation of open wound, while those of the control group were decreased. The EGF gel made of poloxamer 407 containing a pretense inhibitor would be a promising aqueous topical preparation for EGF.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.815-827
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• 2020

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) transgenic soybean was developed and biosynthesis of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in soybean seeds was confirmed. Also, EGF transgenic soybean were found to contain a herbicide resistance selectable marker by introduction of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) gene from the Streptomyces hygroscopicus. For biosafety assessment, the EGF transgenic soybean expressing the EGF biosynthesis gene EGF and herbicide resistant gene PAT was tested to determine effects on survival of Cyprinus carpio, commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies. C. carpio was fed 100% ground soybean suspension, EGF soybean or non-genetically modified (GM) counterpart soybean (Gwangan). Gene expression of EGF soybean was confirmed by PCR and ELISA to have EGF/PAT. Feeding test showed that no significant differences in cumulative immobility or abnormal response between C. carpio samples fed on EGF soybean and non-GM counterpart soybean. The 48 h-EC50 values of the EGF and non-GM soybean were 1,688 mg·L-1 (95% confidence limits: 1,585 - 1,798 mg·L-1) and 1,575 mg·L-1 (95% confidence limits: 1,433 - 1,731 mg·L-1), respectively. The soybean NOEC (no observed effect concentration) value for C. carpio was suggested to be 625 mg·L-1. We concluded that there was no significant difference in toxicity for non-target organisms (C. carpio) between the EGF soybean and non-GM counterparts.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.410-419
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• 1991

마우스 악하선 배양세포의 DNA와 단백질 합성 및 epidermal growth factor(EGF) 분비에 미치는 isoproterenol(IPR)의 효과를 조사하였다. 마우스 악하선으로부터 분리되어 배양된 상피형세포의 DNA및 단백질 합성은 IRP에 의해 농도 의존적으로 현저하게 감소하였다. 이와는 달리 IPR처리 1시간 후에 IPR-처리 마우스로부터 얻은 혈청은 악하선 배양세포의 단백질 합성에는 별 영향을 미치지 못하였으나, DNA합성은 현저하게 증가시켰다. IPR에 의한 악하선 세포의 DNA 합성능의 감소는 propranolol에 의해 차단되지 않았으나 ascorbate에 의해서는 회복되었다. 악하선 배양세포의 DNA 및 단백질 합성을 저해한 IPR의 처리에 의해 배양세포의 EGF분비는 현저히 증가되었다. 이상과 같은 결과는 악하선 세포의 DNA 및 단백질 합성에 작용한 IPR의 효과는 beta-adrenoceptor의 흥분에 의한 것이라기 보다는 IPR로부터 유래된 free radical에 의한 세포독성에 기인함을 시사한다. 따라서 IPR의 생체내 투여에 의한 악하선의 비대화를 보고 한 기존의 결과는 IPR이 악하선에 직접 작용하여 유발된 것이 아닌 다른 경로를 통한 간접적인 효과로 판단될 수 있을 것이다.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.94-96
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• 2019

Burns are one of the most extensive injuries of soft tissues as well as skin, occasionally resulting in extensive, deep wounds and death. Burn wounds can lead to severe physical and psychological distress because of excessive scarring and skin contractures. Treatment of burn wounds has always been a challenging problem and many different methods have been used to treat such injuries. We report here on treating a patient with a burn wound using 830-nm light emitting diode (LED) phototherapy combined with epidermal growth factor (EGF) solution. After five daily sessions of LED with EGF solution treatment, the patient demonstrated nearly complete improvement with no remarkable side effects. We suggest that LED phototherapy combined with EGF solution could be an effective and safe treatment option for treating burn wounds.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.444-450
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• 2005

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates many intracellular effector molecules, which subsequently influence the expression levels of many genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis and signal transduction, etc. In this study, the early response of gene expressions due to EGF treatment was monitored using oligonucleotide DNA microarrays in rat schwannoma cell lines. An immunoblotting experiment showed the successful activation of EGF receptors and an effector protein, STAT5, due to EGF treatment. The microarray study showed that 35 genes were significantly induced and 2 were repressed within 60 min after the treatment. The list of induced genes included early growth response 1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, c-fos, interferon regulatory factor 1 and early growth response 2, etc. According to the microarray data, six of these were induced by more than 10-fold, and showed at least two different induction patterns, indicating complicated regulatory mechanisms in the EGF signal transduction.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1996

This objective of this experiment was to test the effect of EGF on GVBD and MII of nuclear maturation of pig immature oocytes in vitro. Experiment 1 examined to the effect of EGF on nuclear maturation of pig immature oocytes according to different maturational times. The percentage of GVBD of EGF 10mg/ml treated groups were significantly higher than untreated groups after 24hr (p < 0.001). Experiment 2 examined to the effect of duration of exposure of oocytes to EGF supplement in maturation medium. Nuclear maturation rates (M II) of EGF treated groups (during 0-24: 72.8% and 0-42hr: 84.8%) were significantly higher than 53.5 and 26.1% of EGF treated group (during 24-42hr) and untreated group (p < 0.001). Also, experiment 3 examined to the effect of EGF on nuclear maturation of CEOs or CFOs. Nuclear maturation rate (M II) 84.6% of EGF treated group of CEOs was significantly higher than 53.0, 27.6, and 44.2% of EGF treated group of CFOs and untreated groups of CEOs and CFOs (p < O.001). These results conclude that EGF alone can stimulate GVBD and M II of nuclear maturation in pig immature oocytes.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.711-717
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• 2018

Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) can stimulate the division of various cell types and has potential clinical applications. Since the protein contains three intra-molecular disulfide bonds, the high expression of active hEGF in Escherichia coli has not been well researched, We fused the hEGF gene with a small ubiquitin-related modifier gene (SUMO) by synthesizing an artificial SUMO-hEGF fusion gene that was highly expressed in E. coli (DE3) strain. The optimal expression level of the soluble fusion protein, SUMO-hEGF with IPTG (Isopropyl-${\beta}$-D-Thiogalactopyranoside), was up to 38.9% of the total cellular protein. The fusion protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and cleaved by a SUMO-specific protease to obtain the native hEGF, which was further purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The result of the reverse-phase HPLC showed that the purity of the recombinant cleaved hEGF was greater than 98%.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 1997

The present study examined the effects of epidermal growth factor(EGF) and transforming growth factor-$\alpha$(TGF-$\alpha$) on in vitro maturation of porcine follicular oocytes. Basic medium used TCM-HEPES, and oocytes cultured for 42 hours in vitro. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The nuclear maturation rates of EGF-treated groups(10ng/ml, 75.9% ; 30ng/ml, 69.2% ; 50ng/ml, 67.2% ; 100ng/ml, 71.0%) on the porcine oocytes cultured in medium without pFF in vitro were significantly(P<0.01) higher than those of non-treated group(57.1%). When the oocytes were cultured in media with 10%(v/v) pFF, the nuclear maturation rates of 30ng EGF/ml(77.1%) treated group were significantly(P<0.01) higher than those of non-(59.2%) and EGF-treated groups(10ng/ml, 65.4% ; 50ng/ml, 65.5% ; 100ng/ml, 70.4%). 2. The nuclear maturation rates of 30ng TGF-$\alpha$/ml treated group(71.9%) in media without pFF in vitro were significatnly(P<0.01) higher than those of non-(57.1%) and TGF-$\alpha$ treated groups(10ng/ml, 60.4% ; 50ng/ml, 65.4% ; 100ng/ml, 60.0%). When the oocytes were cultured in media with 10%(v/v) pFF, the nuclear maturation rates of 30 and 50ng TGF-$\alpha$/ml(77.4% and 79.6%) treated groups(10ng/ml, 64.2% ; 100ng/ml, 61.6%). 3. On the effect of EGF(30ng/ml) and/or TGF-$\alpha$(30ng/ml) treated groups in medium without pFF in vitro, the nuclear maturation rates indicated 57.3, 60.4, 75.9 and 79.7% in media with no EGF & TFG-$\alpha$, TGF-$\alpha$ only, EGF only nad EGF＋TGF-$\alpha$ treated groups, respectively. The nuclear maturation rates in medium with EGF only or EGF＋TGF-$\alpha$ were significantly(P<0.01) higher than those non- and TGF-$\alpha$ treated groups. When the oocytes were cultured in media with 10%(v/v) pFF, the nuclear maturation ratesof EGF＋TGF-$\alpha$ treated group(75.9%) were significantly(P<0.01) higher than those of non-(59.2%), TGF-$\alpha$ only (64.2%) and EGF only(69.4%) treated groups.