• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.556-562
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• 2007

A total of 126 crossbred weanling pigs (average body weight of $6.3{\pm}0.3$ kg) were used to investigate the effect of chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, pH of gastro-intestinal tract (GI), intestinal and fecal microflora of young piglets. Pigs were allocated to three dietary treatments based on body weight and gender in a single factorial arrangement. Treatments were control (No COS), T1 (0.2% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.1% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, and T2 (0.4% COS during starter (6-13 kg) and 0.3% COS during grower (13-30 kg) phases, respectively. Each treatment had 3 replicates and 14 pigs were raised in each pen. COS is a low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan that can be obtained from chitin of the crab shell after deacetylation with concentrated sodium hydroxide at high temperature and then further decomposition by chitosanase enzyme in the presence of ascorbic acid. For the starter and grower periods, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and feed to gain ratio among treatments. However, during the overall period (6-30 kg), T2 showed better (p<0.05) feed to gain ratio than other treatments. A digestibility study was conducted at the end of grower phase which showed improvement (p<0.05) in DM and crude fat digestibility in T2 over the control. At 25 kg body weight, 6 pigs per treatment (2 per replicate) were sacrificed to determine the effect of diets on pH and microbial count at different sections of the GI tract. The pH of the cecal contents in pigs fed 0.1% COS was higher (p<0.05) than in the other treatments. Total anaerobic bacterial number increased from cecum to rectum in all treatments. The weekly total bacterial counts showed higher (p<0.05) in feces of pigs fed COS than that of untreated pigs at the $8^{th}$ week. The number of fecal E. coli in untreated pigs at $4^{th}$ wk was 7.35 log CFU/g compared to 6.71 and 6.54 log CFU/g in 0.1 and 0.3% COS-treated pigs, respectively. Similarly, at $8^{th}$ wk, fecal clostridium spp. were lower in pigs fed 0.3% COS (5.43 log CFU/g) than in untreated pigs (6.26 log CFU/g). In conclusion, these results indicated that chito-oligosaccharide could improve feed efficiency in young pigs and inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2001-2006
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic significance of EBV antibody combined detection for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in a high incidence region of southern China. Two hundred and eleven untreated NPC patients, 203 non-NPC ENT patients, and 210 healthy controls were recruited for the study. The titers of VCA/IgA and EA/IgA were assessed by immunoenzyme assay, and the levels of Rta/IgG and EBNA1/IgA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of VCA/IgA, EA/IgA, Rta/IgG and EBNA1/IgA demonstrated no association with gender or age (p>0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve were used to evaluate the diagnostic value. The sensitivity of VCA/IgA (98.1%) and the specificity of EA/IgA (98.5%) were the highest. When a logistic regression model was used to combine the results from multiple antibodies to increase the accuracy, the combination of VCA/IgA+Rta/IgG, whose area under the curve was 0.99, had the highest diagnostic efficiency, and its sensitivity, specificity and Youden index were 94.8%, 98.0% and 0.93 respectively. The data suggest that the combination of VCA/IgA+Rta/IgG may be most suitable for NPC serodiagnosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.525-533
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• 1992

To improve the food quality of traditional Jeung-pyun(Korean fermenfed rice cake), effect of mixed ingredients on the quality of protein enriched product was studied. Changes were evaluated in chemical and textural properties of protein enriched Jeung-pyun altered by fermentation time, temperature, and steaming time. The maximum volume wxpansion was noted in dough mixed with rice flour(100 g), soy flour(25 g), sucrose(20 g), Tak-ju(50 ml) and water(10 ml), and then fermented at $35^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. Soy protein isolate(SPI) enriched rice dough had a maximum expanded volume when 15g(w/w) of SPI, 20g(w/w) of sucrose, 60ml(v/w) of Tak-ju and 50ml(v/w) of water added into 100g rice flour, and then fermented at $30^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Steaming after fermentation made the smaller volume of bulk $45^{\circ}C$-50% of the initial volume be showed just after fermentation. Protein enriched Jeung-pyun prepared under the maximal volume endowing conditions showed the best protein quality(protein digestibility and protein efficiency ratio) and starch structure which was susceptible towards enzyme reaction. The improved starch quality of protein enriched Jeung-pyun could be confirmed by reducing power, gelatinization degree and amylose content. Jeung-pyun riched with soy flour at 20% level or with SPI at 5% showed the best overall quality by sensory and textural property but it had a problem in browning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.376-383
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• 1988

The effect of dietary methionine level on lipid peroxidation of rats was studied. Rats were fed vitamin E- selenium- deficient diet or diet supplemented with various levels (0.3, 0.6, 0.9%) of methionine. In rat fed MF diet, body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were decreased compared with those of control rats, but reversed by supplementation with 0.3 and 0.6% methionine. Lipid peroxide levels in plasma and hepatic mitochondrial fraction of MF group rats were significantly higher than those of control rats. However, supplementation with 0.6% methionine modified this increment. GSH-Px activity was decrased to varying degrees in erythrocyte and hepatic mitochondrial fraction from rats fed MF diet. Methionine supplementation did not affect induction of this enzyme activity. Examination of hepatocytes by electronmicroscopy showed that Influence of vitamin E, selenium, and methionine deficiency was mainly characterized by lipid droplets, swollen mitochondria and microvilli destruction. Supplementation with various levels of dietary methionine modified these changes to some extent. The results of this experiment indicated that MF diet causes significant change in lipid peroxide level, GSH-Px activity and morphology of rats which these changes may lessen by supplementation with 0.6% methionine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2020

Objective: The effects of Pleurotus ostreatus on the feed utilization of broad bean stalks (BBS), rape straw (RS), paddy straw (PS), and corn stalk (CS) was examined. Methods: The four roughages were co-cultured with Pleurotus ostreatus. The chemical composition; enzyme activities of laccase, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and xylanase; carbohydrate and protein fractions (based on The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System [CNCPS]) were assessed at different days after inoculation (7, 14, 21, 28 d) and un-inoculated roughages (control, 0 d). The digestibility of nutrient components and the gas production of roughage with various incubation times were monitored at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h using an in vitro ruminal fermentation method. Results: A higher CMCase activity (0.1039 U/mL) and earlier time to peak (14 d) were detected in Pleurotus ostreatus cultured with CS (p<0.05). Significantly, the incubation length-dependent responses of cumulative gas production were observed from 24 to 72 hours post fermentation (p<0.05), and these incubation length-dependent effects on cumulative gas production of PS and CS appeared earlier (24 h) for PS and CS than those (48 h) for BBS and RS (p<0.05). The fast-degradable carbohydrate (CA) content for all four roughages significantly increased over time (p<0.05). Nonetheless, increased degradation efficiency for CA treated with Pleurotus ostreatus was detected at both 21 and 28 days of incubation (p<0.05). With the exception of PS (p<0.05), there were no significant difference among the roughages (p>0.05) in slowly-degradable carbohydrate (CB2) at different incubation times (p<0.05). Conclusion: Assessment of the alterations in chemical composition, CNCPS system fractions, and the fermentation kinetics after biological pretreatment may yield a valuable database for evaluating the biological pretreatment of Pleurotus ostreatus in ruminant feed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.378-382
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• 2006

Clarified orange juice was prepared using different clarification methods including centrifugation, enzyme treatment, ultrafiltration (UF), and combined treatment(CT). Effect of clarification methods as well as other quality parameters were investigated. Clarification was improved with increase in centrifugation speed and by lowering operating temperature. The optimum condition for centrifugation process was $5^{\circ}C$ and 10,000 rpm. UF and CT processes were very effective to produce clarified orange juice. The optimum condition of UF process was $45^{\circ}C$ and 150 kPa considering flux and turbidity CT did not significantly improve the clarification efficiency since most of the clarification was already achieved during UF process. $L^*$-values increased while $a^*$-values decreased significantly after clarification regardless of methods (p<0.05) Considering color, and recovering rate of vitamin C and soluble solids, UF process was superior than the other methods in producing clarified orange juice.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1122-1132
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• 2018

In this study, we attempted to find new and efficient microbial enzymes for producing rare sugars. A ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B (OsRpiB) was cloned, overexpressed, and preliminarily purified successfully from a newly screened Ochrobactrum sp. CSL1, which could catalyze the isomerization reaction of rare sugars. A study of its substrate specificity showed that the cloned isomerase (OsRpiB) could effectively catalyze the conversion of $\text\tiny{L}$-rhamnose to $\text\tiny{L}$-rhamnulose, which was unconventional for RpiB. The optimal reaction conditions ($50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, and 1 mM $Ca^{2+}$) were obtained to maximize the potential of OsRpiB in preparing $\text\tiny{L}$-rhamnulose. The catalytic properties of OsRpiB, including $K_m$, $k_{cat}$, and catalytic efficiency ($k_{cat}/K_m$), were determined as 43.47 mM, $129.4sec^{-1}$, and 2.98 mM/sec. The highest conversion rate of $\text\tiny{L}$-rhamnose under the optimized conditions by OsRpiB could reach 26% after 4.5 h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful attempt of the novel biotransformation of $\text\tiny{L}$-rhamnose to $\text\tiny{L}$-rhamnulose by OsRpiB biocatalysis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2006

Three different diet were made with meat for Crossbred pig ($^{\circ}_{+}$, 195 days old, $l15{\pm}5\;kg,\;Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) and used as feed for rats after transformed into 12% protein, These diets include a pork not fed with tangerine peel during finishing period (Control, $T_0$), a pork fed with 3 and 5% tangerine peel during growing and finishing period, respectively ($T_1$), and a pork fed with 6 and 10% tangerine peel during growing and finishing period respectively($T_2$). The effects of the diet on physiological activities of rats were studied by feeding 17 weeks-old Sprague-Dawley rats with the three diets for 4 weeks. The feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, and weight of liver, kidney, spleen and epididymal fat pad for the rats was similar among the diets. The total lipid level of liver was similar among $T_0,\;T_1\;and\;T_2$. However, it was found that $T_1\;and\;T_2$ had significantly lower triglyceride and cholesterol level than $T_0$(p<0.05). All the diet groups showed similar trends in terms of the serum total lipid, phospholipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level, and atherogenic index, hemoglobin level, and ${\gamma}-GTP$, ALT, AST and ALP activities.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2015

Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a model diatom that its genomic information and biological tools are well established. In this study, a gene encoding (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (PtHDR), a terminal enzyme of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway regulating chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, was isolated from P. tricornutum. The isolated gene was cloned into pPha-T1 vector containing fcpA promoter to prepare pPha-T1-HDR plasmid. As a positive control, pPha-T1-eGFP plasmid was constructed with egfp gene. Stable nuclear transformation was carried out with these plasmids by particle bombardment method and zeocin resistant colonies of P. tricornutum were selected on f/2 agar plate. In result, transformation efficiency was evaluated according to the amount of plasmid DNA coated with gold particles. Integration of introduced plasmids was confirmed with genomic DNA of each transformant by polymerase chain reaction. The eGFP fluorescence was visible in the cytoplasm, indicating that eGFP was successively expressed in P. tricornutum system. The transcript level of exogenous Pthdr gene was evaluated with the obtained transformants. The results presented here demonstrated that introduction of Pthdr gene into P. tricornutum chromosome succeeded and expression of PtHDR was enhanced under the fcpA promoter.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2001

To study whether the secondary toxic substances such as ethylene and reactive oxygen species(ROS) are induced by air pollutants in foliage plants, $SO_2$ was fumigated to Pachira aquatica, Spathiphyllum patinii, and Hedera helix. $SO_2$ was controlled to $1\;{\mu}L/L$ and then fiumigated to plants for 2 days(8 hrs/day). It resulted in visible injury in P. aquatica and H. helix while no symptom appeared in S. patinii. Photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were most remarkably reduced in P. aquatica compared to other two species whereas least in S. patinii. Two days after $SO_2$ fumigation, ethylene evolution was quantified to 23.56, 10.43 and 4.79 nL/g/h in P. aquatica, H. helix and S patinii, respectively. On the other hand, antioxidative enzymes were clearly activated by $SO_2$ treatment in all tested plant species implying ROS production. In conclusion, we could suggest that ethylene and ROS have been intimately related to the defense mechanism against $SO_2$ and their induction degree increased with plant susceptibility to $SO_2$. Furthermore, it was found that S. patinii was tolerant and P. aquatica sensitive to $SO_2$ on the basis of antioxidative enzyme activity and ethylene evolution.