• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1755-1762
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of maize source and complex enzymes containing amylase, xylanase and protease on performance and nutrient utilization of broilers. The experiment was a $4{\times}3$ factorial design with diets containing four source maize samples (M1, M2, M3, and M4) and without or with two kinds of complex enzyme A (Axtra XAP) and B (Avizyme 1502). Nine hundred and sixty day old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used in the trial (12 treatments with 8 replicate pens of 10 chicks). Birds fed M1 diet had better body weight gain (BWG) and lower feed/gain ratio compared with those fed M3 diet and M4 diet (p<0.05). Apparent ileal crude protein digestibility coefficient of M2 was higher than that of M3 (p<0.05). Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn) of M1 were significant higher than those of M4 (p<0.05). Supplementation of the basal diets with enzyme A or B improved the BWG by 8.6% (p<0.05) and 4.1% (p>0.05), respectively. The fresh feces output was significantly decreased by the addition of enzyme B (p<0.05). Maize source affects the nutrients digestibility and performance of broilers, and a combination of amylase, xylanase and protease is effective in improving the growth profiles of broilers fed maize-soybean-rapeseed-cotton mixed diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different amounts of wheat, as a partial or whole substitute for corn, on digestibility, digestive enzyme activities, serum metabolite contents and ruminal fermentation in beef cattle. Four Limousin${\times}$LuXi crossbred cattle with a body weight ($400{\pm}10kg$), fitted with permanent ruminal, proximal duodenal and terminal ileal cannulas, were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four treatments: Control (100% corn), 33% wheat (33% substitution for corn), 67% wheat (67% substitution for corn), and 100% wheat (100% substitution for corn) on a dry matter basis. The results showed that replacing corn with increasing amounts of wheat increased the apparent digestibility values of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (p<0.05). While the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were lower with increasing amounts of wheat. Digestive enzyme activities of lipase, protease and amylase in the duodenum were higher with increasing wheat amounts (p<0.05), and showed similar results to those for the enzymes in the ileum except for amylase. Increased substitution of wheat for corn increased the serum alanine aminotransferase concentration (p<0.05). Ruminal pH was not different between those given only corn and those given 33% wheat. Increasing the substitution of wheat for corn increased the molar proportion of acetate and tended to increase the acetate-to-propionate ratio. Cattle fed 100% wheat tended to have the lowest ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration compared with control (p<0.05), whereas no differences were observed among the cattle fed 33% and 67% wheat. These findings indicate that wheat can be effectively used to replace corn in moderate amounts to meet the energy and fiber requirements of beef cattle.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2009

본 연구는 목재부후균 유래 $\beta$-글루코시다제, 엑소글루카나제 및 엔도글루카나제 유전자를 함유한 형질전환체 효모를 배양한 액상섬유소분해효소에 대하여 인공반추위 배양시험을 통해 완전혼합사료에 대한 적용 수준 조사와 더불어 한우 비육 거세우의 사양시험을 통해 2 종류의 액상섬유소분해효소를 완전혼합사료에 1.0% 수준으로 첨가 급여하여 가축의 성장, 영양소소화율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 1. 인공반추위 배양시험을 통해 완전혼합사료에 대한 액상 섬유소분해효소 첨가에 의해 pH가 약간 증가하는 경향이었다. 휘발성지방산에서 acetate 비율이 배양 12와 24시간에 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높게 나타났으며 총휘발성지방산 농도 역시 배양 12와 24시간에 유의적으로(p<0.05) 증가시켰으며 1.0% 첨가구에서 효과적이었다. 건물소화율은 배양 24시간에 액상 섬유소분해효소 첨가구에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 증가하였다. 2. 한우 거세우 사양시험에서는 액상 섬유소분해효소 급여에 의해 일당증체량과 사료효율이 개선되는 경향이었다. 영양소 소화율에서는 DM, 조섬유, NDF 및 ADF 소화율이 액상 섬유소분해효소 첨가에 의해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 증가하였다. 따라서 인공반추위 배양시험을 통해 액상 섬유소분해효소 1.0% 첨가가 비교적 반추위발효 양상을 개선시키었으며, 한우 사양시험에서도 2종류의 액상 섬유소분해효소 1.0% 급여가 일당증체량 및 사료효율 개선효과가 있었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권2호
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• pp.398-411
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• 2024

Upregulation of the nutritional value of feed is the major target of various studies in the livestock industry, and dietary enzyme supplementation could aid in digesting the nondegrading nutrients of grains in feed ingredients. Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of the fermentation process in the beverage industry and can be used as a large supply source of fiber in feed. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with male broiler chickens to investigate the effect of various types of enzymes on DDGS and compare the efficacy of single enzyme and multienzyme complexes on growth performance and gut environments in broiler chickens. We used 420 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308), and they were allotted into 4 dietary treatments with seven replications (CON, corn-soybean meal [SBM] diet; NC, DDGS supplemented diet; SE, 0.05 % of mannanase supplemented DDGS-based diet; MC, 0.10% of multienzyme complex (mannanase and xylanase, glucanase) supplemented DDGS-based diet. The dietary exogenous enzyme in the DDGS-supplemented diet could improve growth performance as much as the growth of the control group, and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly increased by enzyme addition in groups of chicks fed DDGS-supplementation diet. Moreover, the populations of pathogenic bacteria, coliforms, and Bacteroidetes were significantly decreased by enzyme supplementation, which might lead to improved gut mucus-secreting cells and inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum. Collectively, dietary single enzyme and multienzyme complexes could improve gut environments, including intestinal immune responses and gut microbial population, and lead to improvement of growth performance in broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1676-1685
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• 2009

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of various feed additives on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing wheat distiller' grains with solubles (WDGS). Seventy-two, individually fed pigs (19.7${\pm}$2.6 kg), were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 6${\times}$2 (treatment${\times}$sex) factorial design (N = 12). The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal while the five experimental diets contained 20% WDGS during the growing period and 12% WDGS during the finishing period. One 20% WDGS diet was unsupplemented while the remaining diets were supplemented with either 0.1% threonine, 5% canola oil, 0.2% enzyme (0.1% Endofeed W containing 1,250 units/g of xylanase and 385 units/g of $\beta$-glucanase and 0.1% Vegpro containing 7,700 HUT/g protease and 75 CMC/g cellulase), or a combination of the three additives at the same levels as those fed separately. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy were all significantly higher in the control diet than the unsupplemented diet containing 20% WDGS. None of the feed additives improved nutrient digestibility. In addition, none of the additives had any significant effect on gain or feed intake during the growing (19.7 to 43.6) or finishing (43.6 to 114.3 kg) periods or overall (19.7 to 114.3 kg). During the growing period, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed the combination of additives compared with the unsupplemented WDGS diet. During the finishing period and overall, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed 5% canola oil alone or in combination with the other additives. None of the supplements had any effect on carcass traits. These results indicate that WDGS can be successfully used as a partial replacement for soybean meal in diets fed to growingfinishing pigs. However, due to its low energy content, there may be some merit in including high energy ingredients such as canola oil when diets containing WDGS are fed.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 2007

신문지와 같은 폐지의 가수분해에 미치는 계면활성제의 영향을 조사하였다. 전처리 공정에 적합한 계면활성제는 사용한 9종의 비이온 계면활성제 중 NP 계열 계면활성제가 가장 좋은 전처리 효과를 나타내었다. NP-20을 사용하여 전처리 공정을 최적화한 결과 계면활성제 농도, 교반속도, 전처리 온도와 시간이 0.5%, 100 rpm, 30$^{\circ}C$와 1시간일 때 최적조건이었다. 당화율을 최대화하기 위하여 기질을 NP-20으로 전처리하고 전처리된 기질을 TW-80을 첨가하여 가수분해하였다. 계면활성제를 사용하여 전처리된 기질을 계면활성제를 첨가하여 가수분해하면 가수분해에서 계면활성제의 효과가 거의 없었다. 그래서 가수분해 공정에서만 계면활성제를 사용하여 효소와 계면활성제의 첨가 순서에 따른 당화율을 조사하였다. 조사결과 기질에 효소를 넣고 난 후 계면활성제의 첨가시기가 늦을수록 당화율이 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.263-270
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• 1982

해중의 영양학적인 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 multi-enzyme system을 이용한 체외소화율과 아미노산분석을 기초로 한 단백질수를 측정하였다. 김 (P. tenera)의 체외소화율은 $78.5\sim82.2$로서 산지와 건조조건에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였으며, 잎파래(E. linza)나 다른 갈조류 (미역 U. pinnatifida, 톳 H. fusiforme, 모자반 S. fuuellum)에 비하여 높았고 효소활성 저해물질 (trypsin inhibitor)의 함량은 갈조류에서 높았다. 잎과래는 채외소화율이 김보다 낮음에도 불구하고 효소활성저해물질이 가장 낮은 특이한 결과론 보였다. 전체적으로 해조류의 체의소화을이 다른 연구자들의 생체실험에 의한 소화율 (in vivo digestility)보다 높은 결과를 보인 것은multi-enzyme system을 이용한 체외소화율 측정 방법을 해조류의 정확한 소화율 측정에 적용하기에는 문제성이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 일륜 김에 대한 microwave cooking의 영향은 가열시간이 15분 경과하여도 현저한 소화율 증가는 볼 수 없었으며, 효소활성 저해물질함량은 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 한국식으로 구운김의 체외소화율은 microwave로 15분 가열한 시료와 비슷하였다. 아미노산 분석 결과를 이용한 단백계수(Factor method)는 김의 경우 6.52로 계산되었고, 잎파래는 6.00, 미역 6.11, 모자반 5.85, 톳은 5.83이었으며, Kjeldahl전소분석결과를 이용한 단백계수(Kjeldahl Method)는 김 6.29, 잎파래 5.83, 미역 5.40, 모자반 5.45, 톳 5.49로 나타나, 종래의 조단백계수(6.25)보다 낮은 결과를 보였다. 해조추의 비단백태질소의 정확한 규명이 없는 상태에서, 해조의 단백질함량 측정에는 아미노산 분석결과를 이용한 새로운 단백계수(Factor Method)를 사용함이 바람직한 것으로 생각되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.665-670
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• 1997

The digestibility (apparent) of P and other nutrients from the RSM, SBM and 2 batches of maize, wheat and barley was investigated in two experiments with 24 castrated male growing pigs. The effect of supplemental microbial phytase (1,000 U/kg) was also evaluated. The diets contained 25% RSM (Exp. 1) or 40% SBM (Exp. 2) and had no inorganic P. In each period of digestive trial, after 9 days of adaptation, faeces were collected for 5 days. The digestibility of P contained in the RSM and SBM was calculated by difference method. The P digestibility in maize, wheat, barley was on average 20, 34 and 36%, respectively. The digestibility of P in the RSM and SBM estimated from maize-based diets were 19 and 24 %, respectively. Kind of cereal grain had significant (p < 0.05) influence on the digestibility of P which was lower in the diets based on maize than wheat or barley. The digestibility of P significantly increased with the supplemental microbial phytase (on an average of 17%). Moreover, inclusion of enzyme into the diets positively affected digestibility of other nutrients, namely the protein and organic matter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.122-126
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• 2004

A digestion trial in vitro was conducted to study effects of supplementation of NSP (non-starch polysaccharides) degrading enzyme (feed grade) on cell wall degradation and digestibility of nutrients in barley. The slices of barley were soaked in distilled water with or without 0.15% non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzyme. Microscopic examination of the slices showed that the endosperm cell wall of barley was completely degraded by the non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzyme. The residues and supernatant of digesta in vitro were separated by filtration with 0.1 mm nylon fabric. The residues were used for measurement of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and moisture. The supernatant was used for determination of viscosity, as well as amino-nitrogen and glucose content. The results showed that compared with the control, the amino-nitrogen and glucose content of the supernatant increased by 17.58% (p<0.05) and 10.26% (p<0.05), respectively, while viscosity did not change. Enzyme supplementation increased the digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract, crude fat and crude fiber of barley by 18.1% (p<0.05), 20.3% (p<0.05), 16.4% (p<0.05), 26.9% (p<0.05) and 30.0% (p<0.05), respectively. The present study suggests that cell wall hydrolysis may contribute to improved nutrient digestion in vivo when non-starch polysaccharides degrading enzymes are fed to swine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.358-365
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• 1999

The effects of dry roasting whole lupin seeds (lupinus albus, WLS) at 110, 130 or $150{^{\circ}C}$ for 15, 30 or 45 minutes on the in sacco rumen degradation characteristics, optimal heating conditions of time and temperature and in vitro enzyme digestibility were determined. Ruminant degradation characteristics (RDC) of crude protein (CP) of WLS were determined by in sacco technique in dairy cows. Measure ROC were soluble (S), undegradable (U), potentially degradable (D) fractions, lag time (TO) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured ROC, percentage bypass CP (%BCP) and bypass CP (BCP in g/kg, DM) were calculated. Degradability of CP was significantly reduced by dry roasting (p<0.001). The interaction of dry roasting temperature and time had significant effects on D (p<0.05), Kd (p<0.01), U (p<0.01), %BCP (p<0.001) and BCP (p<0.001) but not on S (p=0.923>0.05). With increasing time and temperature, S, D, Kd and U varied from 31.8%, 67.4%, 10.3%/h and 0.8% in the raw WLS (RWLS) to 27.1 %, 35.8%, 3.6%/h, 38.4% in $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$, respectively. All these effects resulted in increasing %BCP from 25.9 in RWLS to 61.0% in the $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$. Therefore BCP increased form 111.2 to 261.2 g/kg DM, respectively. Both %BCP and BCP at $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$ increased nearly 2.5 times over the RWLS. The effects of dry roasting on %BCP and BCP seemed to be linear up to the highest value tested. Although ROC had been altered by dry roasting, the In vitro perpsin-cellulase digestibility was generally unchanged. It was concluded that dry roasting was effective in shifting CP degradation from rumen to the lower gastrointestinal tract to potential reduce unnecessary N loss in the rumen. It might be of great value in successfully synchronizing the rhythms of release of nitrogen and energy in the rumen, thus achieving a more efficient fermentation of diets with high proportions of lignocellulosic resources. To determine the optimal dry roasting conditions, the digestibility of each treatment in the cows will be measured in the next trial using mobile bags technique.