• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.408-408
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• 2019

The persistence of drought periods and water scarcity is a growing public concern, as climate change projections indicate a more critical scenario in the future. The sustainability of water resources for the increasing population, and to ensuring crop production will unarguably be a daunting task for the water resources managers, with a projected 9.8 billion people by 2050 as well as the need to increase food production by 70 to 100%. Consequently, there is a need for significant irrigation water use for more crop production in the face of stiff competition among water users. However, the available natural resources are already over-constrained, and the allocation of more resources for food production is not feasible. Currently, about two-thirds of global water withdrawer is used by the agricultural sector while 48% of water resources in Korea is used for agricultural production. Despite the apparent ecological deficit and unfavorable conditions of resources utilization, a staggering amount of food waste occurs in the country. Moreover, wastage of food translates to waste of all the resources involved in the food production including water resources. Food waste can also be considered a serious potential for economic and environmental problems. Hence, exploring an alternative approach to efficient resources utilization in a more sustainable way can ensure considerable resources conservation. We hypothesized that reducing food waste will decline the demand for food production and consequently reduce the pressure on water resources. We investigated the food wastage across the food supply chain using the top-down datasets based on the FAO mass balance model. Furthermore, the water footprint of the estimated food wastage was assessed using the representative of selected food crops. The study revealed that the average annual food wastage across the food supply chain is 9.05 million tonnes, signifying 0.51 kg/capita/day and 48% of domestic food production. Similarly, an average of $6.29Gm^3$ per annum of water resources was lost to food wastage, which translates to 40% of the total allotted water resources for agriculture in the country. These considerable resources could have been conserved or efficiently used for other purposes. This study demonstrated that zero food waste generation would significantly reduce the impact on freshwater resources and ensure its conservation. There is a need for further investigation on the food waste study using the bottom-up approach, specifically at the consumer food waste, since the top-down approach is based on estimations and many assumptions were made.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.42-54
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• 2001

The use of nitrogen fertilizer in intensive agricultural production is of major concern due to its role on agricultural productivity and water quality. Crop production inputs on farm are usually applied at a uniform rate across an entire field. However, actual input requirements often vary within fields. The field variations in yield potential, soil moisture, soil N status, and the efficiency of fertilizer use, uniform application of crop production inputs does not allow optimum efficiency or profitability. This occurs because uniform application often results in areas of over- and under-application which may affect water quality and crop yield. This study used biophysical and economic models to assess the economic feasibility and water quality benefits of site specific nitrogen management for 10 soil types and 35 sample fields in Goodwater Creek watershed located near Centralia, Missouri. Results showed that the economic feasibility and water quality benefits of variable rate application were sensitive to the distribution of soil types within a field. Variable rate(VR) application was not uniformly more profitable than uniform rate(UR) application for the four agricultural systems evaluated and the water quality benefits were insubstantial relative to uniform application of N.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.235-243
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• 2021

As environmental problems accompanied by industrialization have emerged worldwide, solar and wind energy have entered the stage of commercialization, especially in Korea. In addition, research on improving aesthetics using solar cells is being actively conducted. Examples include developing a transmissive solar cell and developing a solar cell with flexibility and color. Therefore, in line with the upward trend of solar cell development and solar cell-based public facility installation, we will present guidelines for designing public facilities using solar cells to improve aesthetics. First of all, components were derived to increase the suitability of solar cell application through literature surveys on solar cells and case studies on public facilities using solar cells. Next, through prior research on public facility guidelines, we established evaluation principles and drafted design guidelines. Based on this, a Delphi survey was conducted on a group of experts to verify its validity. Design guidelines for solar cells application measures to improve the final public design aesthetics were derived. The goal is to improve the public facilities using solar cells, through Accessibility and cognition, Usability, Shape and aesthetics, Sustainability and energy efficiency, Continuity with the urban landscape. And it is expected that this data will be used to improve the aesthetics of public design using solar cells in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.236-245
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• 2021

It is very important for structure designer to understand the service life variation since a wide range of service life is evaluated with changing exposure conditions and design parameters. Recently, for zero-carbon, waste plastic has been used for fuel for clinker production and this yields increase in chloride content in cement. This study is for evaluation of changing service life in the concrete with increasing initial chloride content due to usage of plastic-SRF(Solid Refuse Fuel) considering various exposure conditions and design parameters. For this, 4 levels of initial chloride content were assumed, and the service life was assessed using LIFE 365 program considering various environmental conditions including 3 levels of surface chloride content. As for analysis parameters, critical/initial chloride content, blast furnace slag powder replacement ratio, W/B(Water to Binder) ratio, cover depth, and unit mass for binder are adopted. Service life decreases with increasing initial chloride content and a significant reduction of service life is not evaluated permitting up to 1,000ppm of initial chloride content. With increasing slag replacement ratio, a longer service life can be secured since blast furnace slag powder has the effect of reducing the diffusion of external chloride ions and fixing the free chloride. It is thought that increasing initial chloride content up to European standard is helpful for enhancing sustainability and reducing carbon emission. Though the reduction in service life due to an increase in the initial chloride content is not significant in slag-concrete with low surface chloride content, careful consideration for mixing design should be paid for the exposure environment with high surface chloride content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.841-847
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• 2018

Since global energy consumption and demand for energy have dramatically risen, a focus on environmental problems and sustainability has become more important. Clean and renewable energy sources such as offshore wind power generation have received attention among new renewable energy options as alternative energy resources. Due to maintenance and operational perspectives, offshore wind farms have been planned for installation in many coastal waters. However, development of offshore wind farms faces interference from existing maritime traffic along the planned areas. In order to safely and effectively govern marine traffic in the vicinity of wind farms and inner areas, standard criteria are suggested to allow vessels to sail the internal waters of offshore wind farm areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish allowable criteria for sailing vessels and safety zones for offshore wind farms by investigating the local regulations of various offshore wind farm cases overseas. The commended inner safety zone of wind farms is proposed to be a distance of 150 % of the rotation diameter of the wind turbine rotor and a distance of 200 m from the outer wind turbine for the outer safety zone. Besides this, the allowable criteria for sailing vessels within a wind farm is proposed to have an air draft of 14.47 m south-west wind farm sea areas for a minimum margin to avoid hull contact through evaluation of the tide and height of a wind turbine. further studies will be needed to establish vessel sailing criteria among adjacent offshore wind farms as well as vessel sailing criteria within a single offshore wind farm.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.887-894
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• 2018

An electric vehicle is emerging as an alternative to the response of global climate change and sustainability. However, an Electric vehicle has not been popular due to the constraints such as its price or technical limitations. In order to analyze the effect of purchasing electric vehicles, this study conducted a binary logistic regression model that demonstrates the relation between purchasing and influencing variables. Variables which have high correlation were excluded from the model through the correlation analysis to prevent multicollinearity. Socio-economic variables such as the number of owned vehicles, sex, ages are not significant. On the other hand, Variables related to prices, charging and policy are found to have a significant to effect on the purchase of electric vehicles. In accordance with the model estimated result, it seems to be necessary to improve the charging incentives, or to provide electric car information and to expand opportunities for experience electric vehicles. The result is also expected to be helpful for spreading electric vehicles and formulating policies.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2019

Pterocarpus erinaceus is a multipurpose tree species indigenous to semi-arid and Guinean-savanna woodlands of Africa. Natural regeneration on the savanna is being hampered by higher fire frequencies and other land use changes. Simultaneously, demand for timber from the species on the international market is on the rise, raising conservation concerns. To ensure sustainability, good quality seeds, sources of which have not received much research focus, are needed for afforestation. This study investigated how seed quality, germinability and initial seedling growth of P. erinaceus might be influenced by land-use type, mother tree size as well as source and timing of fruit harvest, using both correlational and experimental approaches. The results showed that up to 94.6% of all harvested fruits contained seeds, with no differences found between fruits harvested from cultivated and non-cultivated lands. Percentage of (sound) unblemished seeds was found to be higher for fruits harvested early March (47.3%) than fruits from late April (39.5%). Percentage sound seeds was 41.4% for dispersed fruits (i.e. detached fruits picked from under mother trees) which was not found to differ from undispersed fruits (i.e. fruits harvested while still attached to mother trees) at 45.5%. Also, the influence of fruit harvest time was not found to be different for dispersed and undispersed fruits. Correlations between seed set (proportion of fruits containing seeds) and mother tree size (both tree height and DBH) were found to be very low and non-significant for both dispersed and undispersed fruits. Across mother trees, mean emergence percent was 79.7%, and mean seedling height at three weeks following emergence was 5.32 cm. Both emergence percentage and seedling height were not found to differ among mother trees, but seeds from dispersed fruits had a higher emergence percent (85%) than seeds from undispersed fruits (74%). Implications of findings are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.241-262
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• 2021

This paper reviewed the necessity of a information and communication technology (ICT)-based smart livestock system as a development strategy for the animal life industry in the future. It also predicted the trends of livestock and animal food until 2050, 30 years later. Worldwide, livestock raising and consumption of animal food are rapidly changing in response to population growth, aging, reduction of agriculture population, urbanization, and income growth. Climate change can change the environment and livestock's productivity and reproductive efficiencies. Livestock production can lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution, animal welfare, and human health problems. To solve these issues, there is a need for a preemptive future response strategy to respond to climate change, improve productivity, animal welfare, and nutritional quality of animal foods, and prevent animal diseases using ICT-based smart livestock system fused with the 4th industrial revolution in various aspects of the animal life industry. The animal life industry of the future needs to integrate automation to improve sustainability and production efficiency. In the digital age, intelligent precision animal feeding with IoT (internet of things) and big data, ICT-based smart livestock system can collect, process, and analyze data from various sources in the animal life industry. It is composed of a digital system that can precisely remote control environmental parameters inside and outside the animal husbandry. The ICT-based smart livestock system can also be used for monitoring animal behavior and welfare, and feeding management of livestock using sensing technology for remote control through the Internet and mobile phones. It can be helpful in the collection, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of a wide range of information that farmers need. It can provide new information services to farmers.

• Journal of Space Technology and Applications
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 2021

Since the 1960s, the United States has developed and implemented policies to encourage commercial space launches. Specifically, national policies have been implementing to expand the role of commercial space actors, which required establishing a process for private space launches. In the early days of the space age, private launches accounted for a small portion of the total launch rate, but, since the 1990s, the proportion has exploded, with private space companies presenting large projects one after another, accounting for more than 50% of the total launch rate. This diversification of space actors and the increase in orbital space objects have led to changes in the perspectives of existing space environmental management processes. During and after the Cold War, when the space age began, civilian actors' actions were limited, and policies limited their actions, too. So they had little impact on government space activities. However, space technology's entry barrier has lowered since, and policies to facilitate commercial space launches have been implemented for a long, and the accumulated amount of space waste over the past 60 years is also threatening the safety, stability, and sustainability of space use. This paper examined how the United States, the most active country in commercial space launches, has managed commercial space launches. The United States has a Space Traffic Management (STM), distributed to departments such as the Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, Department of Transport, NASA, etc. A review of changes in U.S STM management policy could also provide implications for us to manage commercial space launches in Korea.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.137-150
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• 2010

Traditionally, like many people in mountain region of the Himalaya, the Lwang communities depend on mix of subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry, and seasonal migrant labor for their livelihoods. These traditional systems are characterized by low productivity, diverse use of available natural resources (largely for home consumption), limited markets, and some aversion for innovation. The potential to generate wealth through commerce has largely been untapped by these mountain residents and thus is undervalued in local and national economies. Introduction of organic tea farming is a part of Lwang community's several initiatives to break the vicious poverty cycle Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) played facilitating roles in all their efforts since beginning. In five years, the tea plantation emerged as a new means for secured a livelihood. This study aims to analyze the current practices in tea farming both in terms of farm management and soil nutrient status(technical) and the prosperity of the tea farmers (social). The technical aspect covers the soil and tea leaf analysis of various nutrients contents in the soil and tea leaf. Originally, the technical aspect of the study was not planned but later during the consultation with the advisor it was taken into consideration which added value to the research study. The sample were collected from different locations and analyzed on the field itself. The other part of the study i.e. the social aspect was done through questionnaire survey and focus group discussion. the tea farming provided them not only a new opportunity but also earned an identity in the region. This initiative was undertaken as a piloting measure. Now that the tea is in production with processing unit established locally, more serious consideration has to be given for better yield and economic prosperity. This research finding will help the community to analyze their efforts and make correction measures in tea garden management and application of fertilizer. It is also expected to fill up the gaps of knowledge and information required to reduce economic stresses and enhance capacity of farmers to make the tea farming a sustainable and beneficial business. The findings are expected to Sustainability of organic tea farming has direct impacts on biodiversity conservation compared to the other traditional farming practices that are more resource intensive. The study will also contribute to identify key action points required for reducing poverty while conserving environment and enhancing livelihoods