DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

U.S. Commercial Space Traffic Management Policy, Yesterday and Today

미국의 민간(상업) 우주교통관리(Space Traffic Management, STM) 정책과 한국에의 시사점

  • Received : 2021.03.21
  • Accepted : 2021.05.03
  • Published : 2021.05.31

Abstract

Since the 1960s, the United States has developed and implemented policies to encourage commercial space launches. Specifically, national policies have been implementing to expand the role of commercial space actors, which required establishing a process for private space launches. In the early days of the space age, private launches accounted for a small portion of the total launch rate, but, since the 1990s, the proportion has exploded, with private space companies presenting large projects one after another, accounting for more than 50% of the total launch rate. This diversification of space actors and the increase in orbital space objects have led to changes in the perspectives of existing space environmental management processes. During and after the Cold War, when the space age began, civilian actors' actions were limited, and policies limited their actions, too. So they had little impact on government space activities. However, space technology's entry barrier has lowered since, and policies to facilitate commercial space launches have been implemented for a long, and the accumulated amount of space waste over the past 60 years is also threatening the safety, stability, and sustainability of space use. This paper examined how the United States, the most active country in commercial space launches, has managed commercial space launches. The United States has a Space Traffic Management (STM), distributed to departments such as the Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, Department of Transport, NASA, etc. A review of changes in U.S STM management policy could also provide implications for us to manage commercial space launches in Korea.

미국은 1960년대부터 민간 우주발사를 장려하기 위한 정책들을 수립해 왔다. 구체적으로는 인공위성의 제작 및 상용발사 공급자의 역할을 확대하기 위한 정책들을 펼쳐왔는데, 이를 위해서는 민간의 우주발사를 위한 프로세스를 정립할 필요가 있었다. 우주활동 초기에는 전체 발사 비율 중 민간 발사가 차지하는 비율이 적었으나, 1990년대 이후 꾸준히 증가해오다, 최근 대형 민간 우주기업들이 거대 프로젝트를 제시하며, 전체 발사 비율의 50% 이상을 차지하기에 이르렀다. 이와 같이 발사 주체의 다양화 및 궤도 상 우주물체의 증가는 기존의 우주환경 관리 프로세스의 관점을 변화시키는 계기가 되었다. 우주기술에 대한 진입 문턱이 낮아지며 우주물체의 운용기관 및 발사기관의 수가 획기적으로 증가하였고, 지난 60여 년간 누적된 우주쓰레기는 안전하고 안정적이며 지속가능한 우주 이용을 위협하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 민간의 우주발사가 가장 활발한 미국에서 상업우주발사를 관리하기 위한 프로세스가 어떻게 변화되어 왔는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 미국은 국방부, 상무부, 교통부, 항공우주국 등의 기관에 우주교통관리 서비스 기능을 분배하여 운영 및 제공하고 있다. 민간의 우주발사 활성화에 따른 미국의 우주교통관리 정책 변화에 대한 고찰은 향후 우리나라에서도 현실화 될 것으로 예상되는 민간의 우주발사에 대한 관리에도 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. BRYCE, Satellite Industry Association (SIA): State of the Satellite Industry Report (BRYCE, Alexandria, VA, 2020).
  2. Federal Aviation Administration [FAA], Origins of the commercial space industry (n.d.) [Internet], viewed 2021 Feb 15, available from: https://www.faa.gov/about/history/milestones/media/commercial_space_industry.pdf
  3. Perek L, Traffic rules for outer space, in International Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space by the International Institute of Space Law (IISL), Paris, France, 1982.
  4. Gleason MP, Establishing space traffic management standards, guidelines and best practices, in First Internationl Orbital Debris Conference, Sugar Land, Tx, 9-12 Dec 2019.
  5. Contant-Jorgenson C, Lala P, Schrogl KU, Cosmic Study on Space Traffic Management (International Academy of Astronautics, Paris, France, 2006).
  6. HCoC, Text of the Hague Code of Conduct (2012) [Internet], viewed 2020 Dec 15, available from: https://www.hcoc.at/?tab=what_is_hcoc&page=text_of_the_hcoc
  7. ICAO, Convention on International Civil Aviation done at Chicago on the 7th day of December 1944 (1944) [Internet], viewed 2020 Dec 5, available from: https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/7300_orig.pdf
  8. SOLAS, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (1974) [Internet], viewed 2020 Oct 17, available from: https://www.ifrc.org/docs/idrl/I456EN.pdf
  9. UNOOSA [United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs], Resolution adopted by the general assembly: 1721 (XVI). International co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space (1961) [Internet], viewed 2020 Dec 5, available from: https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/resolutions/res_16_1721.html
  10. UNOOSA, Convention on registration of objects launched into outer space (1974) [Internet], viewed 2020 Nov 28, available from: https://www.unoosa.org/pdf/gares/ARES_29_3235E.pdf
  11. Kelso TS, Commercial and Foreign Entities (CFE) Support Pilot Program (2004) [Internet], viewed 2020 Dec 15, available from: https://www.celestrak.com/NORAD/elements/notices/CFE_Fact_Sheet_v4.pdf
  12. FAA [Federal Aviation Administration], SSA feasibility study (CSLCA section 110 report) (2016) [Internet], viewed 2021 Jan 18, available from: https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/3_section_110_report_summary.pdf
  13. Hunter SK, Space traffic management concepts leveraging existing frameworks, in Space Traffic Management Conference, Daytona Beach, FL, 17 Nov 2016.
  14. Harrison T, Johnson K, How does space policy directive 3 affect space traffic management? (2018) [Internet], viewed 2021 Jan 15, available from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-does-space-policy-directive-3-affect-space-traffic-management
  15. The White House, Space policy directive-2, Streamlining Regulations on commercial use of space (2018) [Internet], viewed 2021 Mar 3, available from: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-2-streamlining-regulations-commercial-use-space/
  16. The White House, Space policy directive-3, National space traffic management policy (2018) [Internet], viewed 2021 Mar 15, available from: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-3-national-space-traffic-management-policy/