• The Journal of Learner-Centered Curriculum and Instruction (JLCCI)
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-45
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• 2018

Modern environmental problem that caused by the structure and system of human civil society threaten the ecological sustainability of the entire earth. Therefore it is an ecological crisis as a structural crisis. This ecological crisis is also a social crisis because it makes the survival of society difficult. Our society should aim and pursue an ecologically sustainable society because our response to this structural ecological-social crisis must be social-structured. Efforts to achieve an ecologically sustainable society call for fundamental and far-reaching changes in lifestyle, production and consumption patterns, and changes in the already established power structure that govern society today. It is necessary to pay attention to the new formulation of the constitutional law which is the legal basic order of the national community in the point that this fundamental and broad change must start from establishing the right relationship with nature. In this article, we present the principle of environmental state as a framework of constitutional norms for an ecologically sustainable society. According to M. Kloepfer, who in the late 1980s used the concept of an environmental state in Germany for the first time, the "state of the environment" refers to a "state (institution)" in which the inviolability of the environment is a measure and process goal of the state tasks and decisions. I would like to establish the environmental state as "a state that guarantees a balance between the social demands for nature and the maintenance of the natural living foundations and forms it together. In this context, I intend to establish the components of environmental state principles as follows. First, the ideological foundation of the environmental state is to respect the life community on earth, which consists of human beings and non-human beings, and to intrinsic value of nature, and to harmony with nature. In addition, the key tasks of environmental states are to secure environmental rights, responsibility for the global ecosystem and future generations, and recognition of the interests of animals. As a core social system for realizing this environmental state principle I would like to present (i) the economic order, (ii) the sustainable maintenance and management of the land and natural resources, and (iii) the agricultural and fishery industries and local communities.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2006

The so called Antarctic Treaty System, started from the Antarctic Treaty in 1959, has gradually been enlarged into the concept of an international environmental regime, which has been included in not a few international institutions, treaties, conventions, and international non-governmental organizations (INGO). This kind of movement, as in the role of an international environmental regime, has recently been highlighted in the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. This Protocol is taking appropriate measures as an international environmental regime in regulating its member nations by enforcing principles in protecting Antarctic resources and environment, regulating member nations' Antarctic activities, establishing norms in the adoption of international and domestic laws, and devising regulations for deciding administrative actions through the member nations' collective decision-making procedures. h this context, this paper is to test a few questions; firstly, how the Antarctic Treaty System can be related with the role of international environmental regime; secondly, how the theories of international environmental regime, such as the hegemony theory, rational choice theory, and international morality theory, can be tested in the role of Antarctic Treaty System as an international environmental regime. Finally, this paper provides a solution for the future problems of the Antarctic Treaty System as an international environmental regime regarding the regime's principle (conflict between the environmental principle and the right of nation-state), norms and regulations (the conflict between the developed and underdeveloped nations in terms of the concept of 'common but differentiated environmental responsibility'), cooperation directions (the leadership problems between hegemonic nation and multilateral leading groups), and management methods (cooperation and arrangement problems among expert institutions, observer groups, and INGO).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.279-282
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• 2024

This study aimed to verify the results of emotional analysis with respect to canine behavior as reported in the existing animal behavior field based on the dog vestibular emotional reflex (VER) principle, and to evaluate humans and animals based on empathy gained through true communication rather than human-centered interpretation. A total of 200 canines were divided into non-daily and daily situation groups (n=100 each). To assess the psychological and emotional state of each group, these changes were applied to the principle of VER, and six measurement values were selected: positive emotion (balance and energy), negative emotion (tension/anxiety and stress), and body condition (inhibition and neuroticism). The results showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in positive emotions, negative emotions, and body conditions between the two groups. In addition, balance, energy, tension/anxiety, inhibition, and neuroticism were higher in the non-daily situation group than in the daily situation group, with an exception for stress. Compared with the canine daily situation groups, canine in the non-daily situation groups instinctively observed their surroundings to cope with possible threats, had decreased concentration, and elevated vitals due to high-intensity anxiety. This can be perceived as a state of immediate reaction to possible situations/threats. In conclusion, it was confirmed through Vibra Image technology that canine instability mainly affects three factors: positive emotion, negative emotion, and physical condition.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.1-28
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• 2007

Because the result of environmental pollution of one state is not limited to the national border but spills over into neighboring countries or global environment either directly or indirectly, international discussions on environment are crucial in domestic environmental law and policy. International environmental law demands differential obligation between developed and developing countries in the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibility'. The common but differentiated responsibility is the principle that draws distinction between developed and developing countries about global environmental issues, while recognizing the common responsibility of environmental protection for all nations. Environmental technology transfer or financial support from developed countries to developing countries, for example, has been discussed. The problem is the status of Korea. Korea's international environmental policy will be different by the distinction of responsibility for international environmental protection according to the status of developed and developing countries. International communities have never established a clear standard distinguishing developed from developing countries in any international laws. The WTO entrusts each country to decide whether it is a developing country or not. In the international environmental law, the status of a country is determined by the ability to negotiate. The status of Korea, thus, cannot be fixed in general international law. Rather, the Korean government is able to choose its own status strategically, It can be a policy choice to insist that Korea's developing country so as to reduce the burden of international responsibility. But, considering an economic indicator and environmental pollution indicator at which Korea ranks about 10th, the reality of Korea is much closer to a developed country. Positive policies such as development of environment-friendly technologies and products should be preferred to defensive assertion of developing country.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1994.06a
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• pp.806-811
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• 1994

Two kinds of static and dynamic state estimation methods are newly discussed for the problem of the measurement disturbance of environmental low-frequency noise in the presence of wind-induced noise. First, the probability characteristics of wind-induced noise are discussed in the form of probability distribution conditioned by wind speed, based on the simultaneous observation of the wind-induced noise and wind speed near a microphone. Next, especially form the viewpoint of simplicity for practical use, two kinds of static and dynamic state estimation methods are discussed. The static estimation method using the information on wind speed is fundamentally supported by the conservation principle of energy sum. The dynamic one is the method by using a recursive digital filter with the parameters successively renewed by the information on wind speed. This can be also simplified by using well-know Kalman filter under the assumption of the Gaussian distribution. The effectiveness of proposed two estimation methods are shown through experiments under a breezy condition in the open filed.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.29
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• pp.16.1-16.9
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• 2014

Objectives Rapid increase in engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in many goods has raised significant concern about their environmental safety. Proper methodologies are therefore needed to conduct toxicity and exposure assessment of nanoparticles in the environment. This study reviews several analytical techniques for nanoparticles and summarizes their principles, advantages and disadvantages, reviews the state of the art, and offers the perspectives of nanometrology in relation to ENP studies. Methods Nanometrology is divided into five techniques with regard to the instrumental principle: microscopy, light scattering, spectroscopy, separation, and single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results Each analytical method has its own drawbacks, such as detection limit, ability to quantify or qualify ENPs, and matrix effects. More than two different analytical methods should be used to better characterize ENPs. Conclusions In characterizing ENPs, the researchers should understand the nanometrology and its demerits, as well as its merits, to properly interpret their experimental results. Challenges lie in the nanometrology and pretreatment of ENPs from various matrices; in the extraction without dissolution or aggregation, and concentration of ENPs to satisfy the instrumental detection limit.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.401-421
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• 2015

This study aims at providing with the implication of the EU agri-environmental policy which modestly started in 1985 as an optional policy for the Member States and developed as one of main measures for the reformed CAP in 2013. The first AES was the ESA scheme which had a focus on specific areas where were regarded as having a high natural value and assisted farmers who were voluntarily participated in the scheme. Such a small scale measure has developed as a main policy of the CAP from several reforming processes. It is now applying for the entire land of the EU and necessary for every Member State to introduce the AES measures in their rural development plan. With the principle of cross-compliance and the whole farm approach, it is possible to encourage the European farmers to change their ways of farming into low-input farming. This is the best way to achieve sustainable farming and rural development. This analysis on the changing process of the AES provides the Korean government with somewhat logical perspective on the reform of agricultural policy. The most important thing is to recognise that protecting and restorating environmental and biological resource must precede economical utilising the rural resource.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.795-806
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• 2017

According to the characteristics of continuous beam bridges, the relative displacement is too large to collision or even girder falling under earthquakes. A device named Cable-sliding Modular Expansion Joints(CMEJs) that can control the relative displacement and avoid collision under different ground motions is proposed. Working principle and mechanical model is described. This paper design the CMEJs, establish the restoring force model, verify the force model of this device by the pseudo-static tests, and describe and analyze results of the tests, and then based on a triple continuous beam bridge that has different heights of piers, a 3D model with or without CMEJs were established under Conventional System (CS) and Seismic Isolation System (SIS). The results show that this device can control the relative displacement and avoid collisions. The combination of isolation technology and CMEJs can be more effective to achieve both functions, but it need to take measures to prevent girder falling due to the displacement between pier and beam under large earthquakes.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.71-77
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• 2012

In this study, data collected from geotechnical instrumentation, analyzers using Stochastic methods for evaluating the state of law and the automation program was developed. Is expected based data driven non-parametric methods modeling may be useful for evaluation of complex geotechnical instrumentation installed on the system from the measurements collected. Result of the verification of assessment techniques developed by the sensing data collected from the actual ground structures (reinforced retaining wall and tunnel), PCA analysis techniques applied to the present study was to determine the structural behavior and environmental factors.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.125-146
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• 2005

The objective of this paper is setting out, for a cable-stayed bridge with a curtain suspension, a method to determine the modes of vibration of the structure. The system of differential equations governing the vibrations of the bridge, derived by means of a variational formulation in a nonlinear field, is reported in Appendix C. The whole analysis results from the application of Hamilton's principle, using the expressions of potential and kinetic energies and of the virtual work made by viscous damping forces of the various parts of the bridge (Monaco and Fiore 2003). This paper focuses on the equation concerning the transversal motion of the girder of the cable-stayed bridge and in particular on its final form obtained, restrictedly to the linear case, neglecting some quantities affecting the solution in a non-remarkable way. In the hypotheses of normal mode of vibration and of steady-state, we propose the resolution of this equation by a particular method based on a numerical approach. Respecting the boundary conditions, we derive, for each mode of vibration, the corresponding frequency, both natural and damped, the shape-function of the girder axis and the exponential function governing the variability of motion amplitude in time. Finally the results so obtained are compared with those deriving from the dynamic analysis performed by a finite elements calculation program.