• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Epidermis is one of the most dynamic organs in the human body. Multiple layers of keratinocytes in the epidermis continuously undergo proliferation, differentiation, and desquamation cycles, which is the bases of maintaining the epidermal homeostasis. Epidermal homeostasis eventually leads to establish and maintain permeability barrier homeostasis, the most important function of the epidermis. The permeability barrier is located in the stratum corneum. Tightly coordinated regulations are required for the sustained normal barrier function. Extensive studies have established that several nuclear hormone liposensors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a PPARa, PPARb/d, PPARg and LXRs are expressed in keratinocyte. Activation of PPARs and LXRs could provide a mechanism to coordinate the formation of the corneocytes and extracellular lipid membranes that constitute the stratum corneum. Topical application of PPAR/LXR ligands to murine skin results in the increased expression of keratinocyte differentiation-related proteins, such as involucrin, loricrin, profilaggrin, and trans-glutaminase 1, which would stimulate cornified envelope formation. In conclusion, topical application of ligands or activators of PPAR/LXR as an epidermotherapy would be a promising option to deal dry skin conditions such as atopy.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2017

We have studied on the keratinocytes differentiation and skin barrier function using Adenophorae radix (A. radix) root extract, which was known to contain triterpenoid, saponin and starch. A. radix root extracts showed the $PPAR{\alpha}$ expression level of Wy-14,643 $0.5-1.0{\mu}M$ in CV-1 cells. The cornified envelop formation (CE) of human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and normal human keratinocyte (NHK) showed a statistically significant increased compared to the control. When HaCaT cells were treated with A. radix root extract, transglutaminase (TGase-1) was significantly increased. As a result of clinical study of the simple cosmetic formulation containing A. radix root extract for about 2 weeks, TEWL values were significantly decreased and water contents were increased. The ceramides, which were obtained from the inner forearm, were also significantly increased statistically. We suggest that the A. radix root extract can be used as a preventive and therapeutic agent for skin diseases such as dry skin and atopy.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2002

The office is an excellent candidate for implementing daylighting techniques because of the relatively high electric lighting power densities and long daytime use pattern. The quantity of light available for a space can be translated in term of the amount of energy savings through a process of a building energy simulation. To get significant energy savings in general illumination, the electric lighting system must be incorporated with a daylight - activated dimmer control. A prototype configuration of an office interior has been established and the integration between the building envelope and lighting and HVAC systems is evaluated based on computer modeling of a lighting control facility. First of all, an energy-efficient luminaire system is designed for both a totally open-plan office interior and a partitioned office. A lighting design and analysis program, Lumen-Micro 2000 predicts the optimal layout of a conventional fluorescent lighting fixture to meet the designed lighting level and calculates unit power density, which translates the demanded amount of electric lighting energy. A dimming control system integrated with the contribution of daylighting has been applied to the operating of the artificial lighting. Annual cooling load due to lighting and the projecting saving amount of cooling load due to daylighting under overcast diffuse sky are evaluated by a computer software, ENER-Win. In brief, the results from building energy simulation with measured daylight illumination levels and the performance of lighting control system indicate that daylighting can save over 70 percent of the required energy for general illumination in the perimeter zones through the year. A 25 % of electric energy for cooling may be saved by dimming and turning off the luminaires in the perimeter zones.

• Solar Energy
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.71-80
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• 1999

For developing a new measuring device which enables the thermal resistance at comers of the building envelope in addition to the plate wall measuring device, computer simulations were performed to clarify the problems produced during previous tests. For the optimum design to reduce the temperature deviation in measuring device, the specifications of the measuring devices are to be as follows : Dimension of the device is $500{\times}500{\times}100mm$ in size, heating plate is seperated to some degree from the inner surface of the measuring device, lower temperature of heating plate is as effective as possible, fans should be located at the upper part in the measuring device and face to downward.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 2015

Zero energy building is a self sufficient building that minimizes energy consumption through passive elements such as insulation, high performance window system and installing of high efficiency HVAC system and uses renewable energy sources. The Korea Government has been strengthening the building energy efficiency standard and code for zero energy building. The building energy performance is determined by the performance of building envelope. Therefore it is important to optimize facade design such as insulation, window properties and shading, that affect the heating and cooling loads. In particular, shading devices are necessary to reduce the cooling load in summer season. Meanwhile, BIPV shading system functions as a renewable energy technology applied in solar control facade system to reduce cooling load and produce electricity simultaneously. Therefore, when installing the BIPV shading system, the length of shadings and angle that affect the electricity production must be considered. This study focused on the facade design applied with BIPV shading system for maximizing energy saving of the selected standard building. The impact of changing insulation on roof and walls, window properties and length of BIPV shading device on energy performance of the building were investigated. In conclusion, energy consumption and electricity production were analyzed based on building energy simulations using energyplus 8.1 building simulation program and jEPlus+EA optimization tool.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2015

DBM-2198, a six-membered azasugar nucleotide (6-AZN)-containing phosphorothioate (P = S) oligonucleotide (AZPSON), was described in our previous publication [Lee et al. (2005)] with regard to its antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of HIV-1 variants. This report describes the mechanisms underlying the anti-HIV-1 properties of DBM-2198. The LTR-mediated reporter assay indicated that the anti-HIV-1 activity of DBM-2198 is attributed to an extracellular mode of action rather than intracellular sequence-specific antisense activity. Nevertheless, the antiviral properties of DBM-2198 and other AZPSONs were highly restricted to HIV-1. Unlike other P = S oligonucleotides, DBM-2198 caused no host cell activation upon administration to cultures. HIV-1 that was pre-incubated with DBM-2198 did not show any infectivity towards host cells whereas host cells pre-incubated with DBM-2198 remained susceptible to HIV-1 infection, suggesting that DBM-2198 acts on the virus particle rather than cell surface molecules in the inhibition of HIV-1 infection. Competition assays for binding to HIV-1 envelope protein with anti-gp120 and anti-V3 antibodies revealed that DBM-2198 acts on the viral attachment site of HIV-1 gp120, but not on the V3 region. This report provides a better understanding of the antiviral mechanism of DBM-2198 and may contribute to the development of a potential therapeutic drug against a broad spectrum of HIV-1 variants.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.27-38
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• 2003

The characteristics and prediction model of the shear strength of unsaturated residual granite soils were studied in this paper. In order to investigate the influence of the net normal stress on the shear strength, unsaturated triaxial tests and SWCC tests were carried out by varying the net normal stress. Experimental data for unsaturated shear strength tests were compared with predicted shear strength envelopes obtained from existing prediction models. It was shown that the soil-water characteristic curve and the shear strength of the unsaturated soil varied with the change of the net normal stress. Therefore, to achieve a truly descriptive shear strength envelope for unsaturated soils, the effect of the normal stress on the contribution of matric suction to the shear strength has to be taken into consideration. In this paper, a modified prediction model f3r the unsaturated shear strength was proposed.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2006

This study aimed to compare movement patterns of shoulder joints between the right and left symmetry in stroke patients and control subjects. This study proposes use of the voluntary response index (VRI) calculated from quantitative analysis of surface electromyographic (sEMG) and motion data recorded during voluntary movement as a feeding task. The VRI is comprised of two numeric values, one derived from the total muscle activity recorded for the voluntary motor task (magnitude), and the other from the sEMG distribution across the recorded muscles with the similarity index (SI). Five stroke patients and five age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Feeding motion was performed using the provided spoon five times with rests taken on a chair in between tasks. EMG data were digitized and analyzed on the basis of the root mean square (RMS) envelope of activity. The average amplitude of responses was calculated. Responsiveness and clinically meaningful levels of discrimination between stroke patients and control for EMG magnitude and SI were determined. The similarity index of the results from two successive examinations of both sides apart for stroke patients and control subjects were .86 and .95 in motion analysis and .84 and .99 in electromyographic analysis. The SI of sEMG data and motion data was significantly correlated in stroke patients. The data suggest that SI is a sensitive program for comparing and analyzing the symmetry of muscle activity and motion in both sides. This analysis method has a clinical value in grading muscular activity and movement impairment after brain injury.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.53-62
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• 2015

Korea has been at the forefront of green growth initiatives. In 2008, the government declared the new vision toward 'low-carbon society and green growth'. The government subsidies and Feed-in Tariff (FIT) increased domestic usage of solar power by supplying photovoltaic housing and photovoltaic generation systems. Since 2000, solar power industry has been the world's fastest growing source with the annual growth rate of 52.5%. Especially, BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaic) systems are capturing a growing portion of the renewable energy market due to several reasons. BIPV consists of photovoltaic cells and modules integrated into the building envelope such as a roof or facades. By avoiding the cost of conventional materials, the incremental cost of photovoltaics is reduced and its life-cycle cost is improved. When it comes to atypical building, numerous problems occur because PV modules are flat, stationary, and have its orientation determined by building surface. However, previous studies mainly focused on improving installations of solar PV technologies on ground and rooftop photovoltaic array and developing prediction model to estimate the amount of produced electricity. Consequently, this paper discusses the problem during a planning and design stage of BIPV systems and suggests the method to select optimal design of the systems by applying the national strategy and economic policies. Furthermore, the paper aims to develop BIM tool based on the engineering knowledge from experts in order for non-specialists to design photovoltaic generation systems easily.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.3-12
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• 2010

Sustainable design is getting to be controversial issue in all industries over the world particularly, in architecture as the amount of energy usage in architecture occupies 40%. Therefore, it is essential to make the standard for the sustainable design. In order to construct the sustainable design, firstly it should be considered that sustainable design elements based on natural resources to increase building energy efficiency is established and classified. The method of sustainable design divides into passive design and active design. Passive design method should be examined with active one simultaneously for more efficient usage of energy. Next, the study is followed how the sustainable design elements is adopted in buildings through the comparison of cases study of domestic and oversea. The result of case study shows similar adoption of sustainable design elements between oversea and domestic. However, the difference is shown in the building orientation and shape and the window size and position in Solar energy as well as high performance structure in Heat energy. These elements are the most significant elements in order to reduce energy load. In oversea, sustainable design is generated by architects, a client, and consultants based on the close cooperation in the beginning of early design phase before deciding building shape and envelope while in the domestic field adoption for sustainable design is conducted after deciding building shape and material. In order to design sustainable architecture more study is necessary in early stage for Zero Carbon and reducing building energy load through relation with specialists, a client and architects.