• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.708-712
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• 2008

Piles and pile foundations have been in common use since very early times. Usually function of piles is to carry load to a depth at which adequate support is available. Another important use of piles is to furnish lateral support and nowadays it is getting highlighted due to the wind load, lateral action of earthquake, and so on. After Broms (1964), many researchers have been suggested methods for estimating lateral capacity of pile. But each method assumes different earth pressure distribution and lateral earth pressure coefficient and it gives confusion to pile designers. Lateral earth pressure, essential in lateral capacity estimation, influenced by pile's behavior under lateral load. Prasad and Chari (1999) assumed the rotation point of pile and suggested an equation of ultimate lateral load capacity. In this study, we investigate the depth of rotation point in both homogeneous soil and multi layered soil, and compare to the estimation value by previous research. To model the pile set up in the sand, we use the chamber and small scale steel pile, and rain drop method. Test results show the rotation point is formed where the Prasad and Chari's estimation value, and they also show multi layered condition affects to location of rotation point to be scattered.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.133-141
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• 2005

Most of the endogenous retroviral genes integrated into the primate genome after the split of New World monkeys in the Oligocene era, approximately 33 million years ago. Because they can change the structure of adjacent genes and move between and within chromosomes they may play important roles in evolutionas well as in many kinds of disease and the creation of genetic polymorphism. Comparative analysis of HERVs (human endogenous retroviruses) and their LTR (long terminal repeat) elements in the primate genomes will help us to understand the possible impact of HERV elements in the evolution and phylogeny of primates. For example, HERV-K LTR and SINE-R elements have been identified that have been subject to recent change in the course of primate evolution. They are specific elements to the human genome and could be related to biological function. The HERV-M element is related to the superfamily of HERV-K and is integrated into the periphilin gene as the truncated form, 5'LTR-gag-pol-3'LTR. PCR and RT-PCR approaches indicated that the insertion of various retrotransposable elements in a common ancestor genome may make different transcript variants in different primate species. Examination of the HERV-W elementrevealed that env fragments were detected on human chromosomes 1, 3-7, 12, 14, 17, 20, and X, whilst the pol fragments were detected on human chromosomes 2-8, 10-15, 20, 21, X, and Y. Bioinformatic blast search showed that almost full-length of the HERV-W family was identified on human chromosomes 1-8, 11-15, 17, 18, 21, and X. Expression analysis of HERV-W genes (gag, pol, and env) in human tissues by RT-PCR indicated that gag and pol were expressed in specific tissues, whilst env was constituitively expressed in all tissues examined. DNA sequence based phylogenetic analysis indicated that the gag, pol and env genes have evolved independently during primate evolution. It will thus be of considerable interest to expand the current HERV gene information of various primates and disease tissues.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2003

In this study, potential degradation of MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates by pure culture ENV425 and mixed culture isolated from gasoline contaminated soil using butane as the sources of carbon and energy was examined and compared. Butane monooxygenases(BMO) of butane-grown ENV425 and mixed culture generated 1-butanol as a major metabolite of butane oxidation and addition of acetylene, specific inhibitor of monooxygenase, inhibited both butane oxidation and 1-butanol production. The results described in this study suggest that alkanes including propane, pentane, and butane are effectively utilized as a growth substrate to oxidize MTBE cometabolically. And also BTEX compounds could be the potential substrate of the MTBE cometabolism. Cell density also affected on the MTBE degradation and transformation capacity(Tc). Increasing cell density caused increasing MTBE degradation but decreased transformation capacity. Other result demonstrated that MTBE and other gasoline oxygenates, ETBE and TAME, were degraded by butane-grown microorganism.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.280-288
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• 2024

The fusogenic membrane glycoprotein (FMG) derived from the human endogenous retrovirus-W (HERV-W) exhibits fusogenic properties, making it a promising candidate for cancer gene therapy. When cells are transfected with HERV-W FMG, they can fuse with neighboring cells expressing the receptor, resulting in the formation of syncytia. These syncytia eventually undergo cell death within a few days. In addition, it has been observed that an HERV-W env mutant, which is truncated after amino acid 483, displays increased fusogenicity compared to the wild-type HERV-W env. In this study, we observed syncytium formation upon transfection of HeLa and TE671 human cancer cells with plasmids containing the HERV-W 483 gene. To explore the potential of a semi-replication-competent retroviral (s-RCR) vector encoding HERV-W 483 for FMG-mediated cancer gene therapy, we developed two replication-defective retroviral vectors: a gag-pol vector encoding HERV-W 483 (MoMLV-HERV-W 483) and an env vector encoding VSV-G (pCLXSN-VSV-G-EGFP). When MoMLV-HERV-W 483 and pCLXSN-VSV-G-EGFP were co-transfected into HEK293T cells to produce the s-RCR vector, gradual syncytium formation was observed. However, the titers of the s-RCR virus remained consistently low. To enhance gene transfer efficiency, we constructed an RCR vector encoding HERV-W 483 (MoMLV-10A1-HERV-W 483), which demonstrated replication ability in HEK293T cells. Infection of A549 and HT1080 human cancer cell lines with this RCR vector induced syncytium formation and subsequent cell death. Consequently, both the s-RCR vector and RCR encoding HERV-W 483 hold promise as valuable tools for cancer gene therapy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.29-29
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• 2004

Long term observational analysis by climatologists has confirmedthat the global warming is no longer a topic of debate among scientists andpolicy makers. According to the report of IPCC-2001 (Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change), the global mean surface air temperature is increasinggradually. The reported increase of mean temperature is by 0.6 degree in the end of twentieth century. This could represent severe threat for propertylosses especially due to increase in the number of extreme weather arising out of global warming. period of model integration from 2001 to 2100 using output of ECHAM4/HOPE-G of Max Planet Institute of Meteorology (MPI) for IPCC SRES (Special Report on Emission Scenarios). The main results of this study indicate increase of surface air temperature by 6.20C and precipitation by 2.6% over Korea in the end of 21st century. Simulation results also show that there is increase in daily maximum and minimum temperatures while decrease in diurnal temperature range (DTR). DTR changes are diminished mainly due to relatively rapid increase of daily minimum temperature than that of daily maximumtemperature. It has been observed that increase in precipitation amount anddecrease in the number of rainy days lead to increase of pre precipitationintensity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.142-147
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• 2008

We recently used degenerate PCR and locus-specific PCR methods to identify the endogenous retroviruses (ERV) in the bovine genome. Using the ovine ERV classification system, the bovine ERVs (BERVs) could be classified into four families. Here, we searched the most recently released bovine genome database with the partial nucleotide sequence of the pro/pol region of the BERV ${\beta}3$ family. This allowed us to obtain and analyze the complete genome of BERV ${\beta}3$. The BERV ${\beta}3$ genome is 7666 nucleotides long and has the typical retroviral organization, namely, 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pro-pol-env-LTR-3'. The deduced open reading frames for gag, pro, pol and env of BERV ${\beta}3$ en- code 507, 271, 879 and 603 amino acids, respectively. BERV ${\beta}3$ showed little amino acid similarity to other betaretroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it clusters with HERV-K. This is the first report describing the genetic structure and sequence of an entire BERV.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1229-1239
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• 2005

Human immunodeficiency virus-like particles (HIVVLPs) with native conformations similar to that of the wild-type virion could be valid candidates for vaccine development. To this end, we used a Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) expression system to produce HIV- VLPs containing high quantities of native envelope proteins. Here, we described a single SFV replicon containing the HIV gagpol and env genes under the control of separate subgenomic promoters. Mature VLPs incorporating the Gag and Env proteins were detected in the supernatant of replicon-expressing cells by Western blot analysis. The HIV-VLPs showed the expected molecular density (1.14-1.18 g/ml) on a $20-60\%$ sucrose gradient; the particles were 100-120 nm in diameter and Env proteins were observed on their surfaces by immunogold electron microscopy. RT-PCR analysis of VLP-associated RNAs in mature HIV-VLPs revealed two SF V-derived RNA species (full-length and subgenomic). Immunization studies in Balb/c mice showed that these HIV-VLPs were capable of inducing both HIV-specific antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses. Taken together, our results indicate that the SFV replicon system is useful for the production of HIV-VLPs, which may be valuable candidates for an HIV vaccine.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.483-490
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• 2009

This research was conducted to estimate the characteristics of carbon dioxide decomposition using an inorganic sludge. The inorganic sludge was composed of high amount (66.8%) of $Fe_2O_3$. Hydrogen could be reduced with 0.247, 0.433, 0.644, and 0.749 at 350, 400, 450, and $500^{\circ}C$, respectively. The carbon dioxide decomposition rates at 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and $500^{\circ}C$ were 32, 52, 35, 62, 75, and 84%, respectively. High temperature led to high reduction of hydrogen and better decomposition of carbon dioxide. The specific surface area of the sludge after hydrogen reduction was higher than that after carbon dioxide decomposition. The specific surface area of the sludge was more decreased with increasing of temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate characteristic of acid mine drainages (AMD) from abandoned mines in Kangwon-Do. Youngdong abandoned mine, and Soo and Hambaek abandoned mines in Hamtae were selected for this study. Average pHs of the mine drainages were 3-6.5, and those of Youngdong and Hambaek drainages were very acidic as 3-4. $SO_4^{-2}$ of Youngdong and Hambaek drainages were over 1,600 mg/L, which higher than average value (845 mg/L) of acid mine drainages in nationwide. Cu, Mn, and As concentrations of the drainages were lower than ‘Pollutant Discharge Permission'. Fe concentrations of Youngdong and Hambaek drainages were approximately 96 mg/L, which were two times higher than average value in nationwide. From correlation analysis using SPSS, significant correlation was not discovered between 'contaminants' analyzed in three acid mine drainages.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.423-425
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• 2012

레드머드(Red mud)란 Bauxite 광물을 Bayer process 공정을 거쳐 알루미나를 정제하는 과정에서 발생하는 슬러리 형태의 산업폐기물이다. 레드머드는 pH 10-12.5 범위의 높은 알칼리성을 나타내며, 14-21 가지의 광물상을 함유하고 있다. 하지만 유가성 물질이 함유되어 있음에도 불구하고 적절한 처리 방법이 없어 폐기물로써 처리되어지고 있다. 레드머드의 처리 및 보관 부분에서 강우로 인한 지하수 오염, 처리 토지 면적 등과 같은 문제점이 다소 발생하여 효율적인 처리가 시급한 실정이다. 이로 인해 환경, 토목, 건설 등 다양한 분야에서 레드머드를 재활용하기 위해 활발히 연구가 진행되어 지고 있지만 재활용양이 발생량에 비해 극히 적다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 최종 처리되는 레드머드의 부피를 줄여 최종 처리 비용을 감소시키고자 레드머드에 함유되어 있는 유가성 금속 성분 중 $TiO_2$ 성분의 회수 방법 중 초음파를 방사하여 회수하는 방법을 알아보았다.