• Journal of the Korean Child Neurology Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.246-250
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• 2018

Purpose: Meningitis is an acute childhood infection caused by viral or bacterial infection. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the differences between enteroviral meningitis and non-enteroviral aseptic meningitis. Methods: From January 2013 to December 2016, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of a total of 303 aseptic meningitis patients who visited Wonju Severance Christian Hospital. We examined demographics of all patients and analyzed serologic and cerebrospinal fluid tests, clinical symptoms, and outcomes. Results: Of a total of 303 patients, 197(65.0%) were male, and the most cases occurred from June to November (91.8%). The most common pathogen of meningitis was found to be enterovirus (65.0%). According to the etiology, the enteroviral meningitis group had significantly more headache and enteric symptoms (P=0.0003 and P=0.0013, respectively). Furthermore, the non-enteroviral meningitis group showed pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid and a significantly higher rate of seizure at 1 to 4 years (P=0.0360 and P=0.0002, respectively). Conclusion: In this study, enteroviral meningitis was the most common and the prognosis was good. When compared between two groups, neurological symptoms were frequent in patients with non-enteroviral meningitis in groups 1 to 4 years.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2016

Purpose: We sought to examine the relationship between the clinical manifestations of nonspecific reactive hepatitis and respiratory virus infection in pediatric patients. Methods: Patients admitted to the pediatric unit of Konyang University Hospital for lower respiratory tract disease between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014 and who underwent reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests were examined. The patients were divided into those with increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and those with normal ALT or AST levels. Further, patients with increased ALT and AST levels were individually compared with patients in the normal group, and the blood test results were compared according to the type of respiratory virus. Results: Patients with increased ALT or AST levels had one more day of hospital stay, on average, compared with patients in the normal group ($5.3{\pm}3.1$ days vs. $4.4{\pm}3.0$ days, p=0.019). Patients in the increased ALT level group were younger and had a longer mean hospital stay, compared with patients in the normal group (p=0.022 and 0.003, respectively). The incidences of increased ALT or AST were the highest in adenovirus infections (6/24, 25.0%), followed by enterovirus (2/11, 18.2%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (21/131, 16.0%) infections. Conclusion: Nonspecific reactive hepatitis is more common among patients with adenovirus, enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection, as well as among those infected at a younger age. Compared with AST levels, ALT levels are better indicators of the severity of nonspecific reactive hepatitis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 2018

Coxsackievirus Type B3 (CVB3) is an enterovirus that belongs to the Picornaviridae and causes various diseases such as myocarditis and hand-foot-mouth disease. However, an effective antiviral drug is still not developed. In this study, we looked for potential inhibitors of CVB3 replication by examining the survival of CVB3-infected HeLa cells. We detected an antiviral effect by cholic acid and identified it as a candidate inhibitor of CVB3 replication. Cholic acid circulates in the liver and intestines, and it helps the digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine. HeLa cells were cultured in 12-well plates and treated with cholic acid (1 and $10{\mu}g/ml$) and $10^6PFU/ml$ of CVB3. After 16 h post-infection, the cells were lysed and subjected to western blot analysis and RT-PCR. The production of the viral capsid protein VP1 was dramatically decreased, and translation initiation factor eIF4G1 cleavage was significantly inhibited by treatment with $10{\mu}g/ml$ cholic acid. Moreover, cholic acid inhibited ERK signaling in CVB3-infected HeLa cells. RT-PCR showed that the amounts of the CVB3 RNA genome and mRNA for the ER stress-related transcription factor ATF4 were significantly reduced. These results showed that cholic acid strongly reduced ER stress and CVB3 proliferation. This compound can be developed as a safe natural therapeutic agent for enterovirus infections.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.110-120
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• 1991

28 porcine enteroviruses were isolated from 86 pig-feces of 9 swine farms located in south region, Chung-buk, from March to September 1990. Physico-chemical properties and pathogenicity of isolates were investigated. Results obtained throughout experiments are summarized as follows. According to the age, weanlings(40-90 days), sucklings(10-30 days) and adult pigs(6 months over) showed the isolation rate of 67%. 8% and 4%, respectively. By physico-chemical tests, YD-90/22, YD-90/43 and YD-90/64 strains were found to be ether, chloroform and PH stable. Nucleic acid test suggests the virus to have a DNA genome. Most of the Isolates were not evident of hemagglutinin using erythrocytes from various mammalian & avian. 22 strains among the isolates were shown CPE type I and the remainders were CPE type II. 3 strains among isolates of CPE type I strains were neutralized with high titers to serotype 2 antiserum. In the study on virus growth curve in PK-l5 cells, YD-90/22, YD-90/43 and YD-90/64 strains showed the maximum infectivity titers($10^{6.0}-l0^{6.5} TCID({50}ml$) at 4days post inoculation(PI). When 30 day-old commercial piglets were inoculated only intraoral route with the YD-90/22 strain at $10^{6.0} TCID_{50}ml,$ piglets not showed the symptoms. But piglets inoculated by intramuscle route, intraoral and intramuscle route after pretreat with dexamethasone(2.5mg /kg) for 5 days were shown the symptoms of anorexia, diarrhea, pyrexia and ataxia at 4th-6th days PI. The viral reisolation in the virus-inoculated piglets was examined from feces. The viruses were recovered intermittently from 2nd to 16th day PI and at 4th-6th day PI, all piglets excreted viruses.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.11
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• pp.446-450
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• 2015

Purpose: Meningitis is among the most common infections affecting the central nervous system. It can be difficult to determine the exact pathogen responsible for the infection and patients are often treated with empiric antibiotics. This study was conducted to identify the most common clinical characteristics of enteroviral meningitis in children and evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for early detection of an enterovirus. Methods: We analyzed the medical records of children admitted to Korea University Medical Center and diagnosed with meningitis on the basis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and RT-PCR from CSF and other samples from January 2010 to August 2013. Results: A total of 333 patients were enrolled and classified into four groups based on diagnosis: enteroviral meningitis (n=110), bacterial meningitis (n=23), other viral meningitis (n=36), and unknown etiology (n=164). Patients with bacterial meningitis were younger than those in the other groups (P<0.001). Pleocytosis in CSF was similar across all groups. Of patients in the enteroviral meningitis group, 92.7% were diagnosed based on RT-PCR findings. Mean length of hospital stay for patients with enteroviral meningitis was 6.08 days, which was significantly shorter than that for patients with meningitis of bacterial etiology (19.73 days, P<0.001). Conclusion: Diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis before viral culture results are available is possible using RT-PCR. Accurate diagnosis reduces the length of hospital stay and helps to avoid unnecessary empiric antibiotic treatment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.465-470
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• 2015

Chrysin is a 5,7-dihydroxyflavone and was recently shown to potently inhibit enterovirus 71 (EV71) by suppressing viral 3C protease ($3C^{pro}$ activity. In the current study, we investigated whether chrysin also shows antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), which belongs to the same genus (Enterovirus) as EV71, and assessed its ability to prevent the resulting acute pancreatitis and myocarditis. We found that chrysin showed antiviral activity against CVB3 at $10{\mu}M$, but exhibited mild cellular cytotoxicity at $50{\mu}M$, prompting us to synthesize derivatives of chrysin to increase the antiviral activity and reduce its cytotoxicity. Among four 4-substituted benzyl derivatives derived from C(5) benzyl-protected derivatives 7, 9-11 had significant antiviral activity and showed the most potent activity against CVB3 with low cytotoxicity in Vero cells. Intraperitoneal injection of CVB3 in BALB/c mice with $1{\times}10^6TCID_{50}$ (50% tissue culture infective dose) of CVB3 induced acute pancreatitis with ablation of acinar cells and increased serum CXCL1 levels, whereas the daily administration of 9 for 5 days significantly alleviated the pancreatic inflammation and reduced the elevation in serum CXCL1 levels. Collectively, we assessed the anti-CVB3 activities of chrysin and its derivatives, and found that among 4-substituted benzyl derivatives, 9 exhibited the highest activity against CVB3 in vivo, and protected mice from CVB3-induced pancreatic damage, simultaneously lowering serum CXCL1 levels.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.303-307
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• 1997

Hand-Foot-Mouth disease, which has a various enanthem-exanthem complex at the tongue, buccal mucosa, hands and feets and buttock area with febrile illness, is usually caused by Coxscakie virus type A(16). Generally, this disease shows self limited course and good prognosis without neurologic manifestations. However, enterovirus 71, which was newly discovered and reported in 1974, can cause the striking features of Hand-Foot-Mouth disease outbreaks and has neuropathogenic potentials of polio-like paralytic illness including aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis and respiratory disease. We experienced a case of Hand-Foot-Mouth disease with polyradiculitis manifestations, and a case of Hand-Foot-Mouth disease with meningoencephalitis. Therfore, we report these cases with brief review of related literatures.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 1999

The incidence of aseptic meningitis infection is ensuing and threatening the health of children. Enteroviruses are the major agents of aseptic meningitis and identification of virus has been a clue to diagnosis and epidemiology. The outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred in Pusan, 1998. Patients were concentrated from April through November. Children were more susceptible than adults. Among 306 cases of specimens from stool, throat swab tested, only 7.2% were positive on virus isolation, 12 cases from stool and 10 from throat, respectively. All isolated 7 serotypes of viruses represented cytopathic effect on cultured cells. Three types of echovirus 6.25, 30 and coxsackievirus B2, B3, B4, B6 were identified by neutralizing antibody test. Isolated coxsackievirus and echovirus were observed by an electron microscope with negative staining.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.25-27
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• 2005

The Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute polyradiculoneuropathy marked by flaccid areflexic paralysis. Although the pathogenesis of GBS remains incompletely defined, considered as an autoimmune disease most frequently triggered by an previous infection. Antecedent infections with Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, Ebstein-Barr virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, human immunodeficiency virus, enterovirus, rotavirus are common. But, it is rare that GBS following typhoid fever. We present a case of typical GBS after antecedent Salmonella typhi infection.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2016

Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a heat-processed ginseng developed by the repeated steaming and air-drying of fresh ginseng. Compared with fresh ginseng, KRG has been shown to possess greater pharmacological activities and stability because of changes that occur in its chemical constituents during the steaming process. In addition to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, KRG and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective effects against microbial infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the properties of KRG and its components on infections with human pathogenic viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus, hepatitis virus, norovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, and coxsackievirus. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of KRG as an antiviral and vaccine adjuvant is discussed.