• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2009

This paper proposes a method for building a transliteration dictionary, which is based on pronouncing information extracted from two kinds of existing dictionaries. Also, it proposes a method for transforming the pronouncing information into Korean translitered words. To express the pronouncing information, we define Phoman code system. In order to avoid phonetic estimation process of English words which is the most important problem, the proposed method uses the pronouncing information extracted from the existing dictionaries. Therefore, unlike previous approaches, the proposed method does not need any incomplete phonetic estimation process so that it can produce accurate transliteration results. The proposed method has been fully implemented.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.470-479
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• 2010

감정어 추출과 관련하여 기존 영어권 연구에서 제시된 방법의 대부분은 한국어에 직접 적용이 쉽지 않다. 한국어권 연구에서 제시된 방법 중 수작업에 의한 방법은 감정어 추출에 많은 시간이 걸린다는 문제점이 있다. 영어 시소러스 기반 한국어 감정어 추출 기술은 한국어와 영어 단어간 일대일 부정합에서부터 기인하는 정확도의 저하를 제고해야 하는 과제를 갖고 있다. 한국어 구문 분석기를 기반으로 한 연구는 출현 빈도가 낮은 감정어를 선정하지 못할 수 있는 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국어 상품평 중 단순한 문장에서 감정어를 자동으로 추출하는 데 있어 기존에 제안된 한국어권 연구에 상호 보완적으로 정확도를 향상시킬 수 있는 k-Structure(k=5 또는 8) 기법을 제안한다. 단순한 문장이라 함은 패턴 길이를 최대 3으로 한다. 이는 평가 대상 상품(예를 들어 '카메라')의 속성 명 f (예를 들어 카메라의 '배터리')를 기준으로 ${\pm}2$의 거리에 감정어가 포함되어 있는 문장을 의미한다. 성능 실험은 국내 주요 쇼핑몰로부터 수집한 1,868개의 상품평을 대상으로 미리 주어진 8개의 속성 명에 대한 감정어를 k-Structure를 이용하여 자동으로 추출하고 그 정확도를 평가하였다. 그 결과, k=5일 경우 평균 79.0%의 재현률, 87.0%의 정확률을 보였고, k=8일 경우 평균 92.35%의 재현률, 89.3%의 정확률을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, 영어권 연구에서 제안된 방법 중 PMI-IR(Pointwise Mutual Information-Information Retrieval) 기법을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 이 결과, 평균 55%의 재현률과 57%의 정확률을 보였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2009

This study compares the perception of English high tense and lax vowels (/i, I, u, $\mho$/) by English speakers and Korean speakers of English. The four vowels were produced in /hVd/ context by a native speaker of English, and each word's vowel duration was manipulated to range from 170ms to 290ms in 30ms increments. Two English speakers and six Korean speakers of English were asked to listen to pairs of tense and lax vowel words with manipulated vowel durations and to identify the pair by choosing either heed-hid or hid-heed for front vowels and either who'd-hood or hood-who'd for back vowels. The results show that English speakers distinguished tense vowels from lax vowels with 100% accuracy regardless of the different durations, compared to 62% accuracy for Korean speakers of English. Most errors occurred for lengthened lax vowels and shortened tense vowels. The results of this study demonstrate that Korean speakers mainly rely on vowel duration as a cue to discriminate the tense and lax vowels. The theoretical and pedagogical implications of this finding are discussed.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.291-320
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• 2010

The Bible has been and still is one of the most influential books ever published. The English Bible has a great impact on English language, literature, and culture. Therefore, knowledge of the Bible is essential in learning English language, its literature, culture and tradition. Biblical allusions are found in great literature and the daily newspapers as well. Rock musicians, screenwriters, television producers, and advertisers use the Bible as a source. Politicians use the words and accounts of the Bible to frame their debates. The Bible has continued to be philosophically, ethically, religiously, and politically influential in Western, Eastern, now World cultures. Therefore, not to know it means not to understand a great portion of world culture. This study examines the influence of the first book of the Bible, Genesis, in English language, literature, and culture. Furthermore, this study suggests why we should incorporate the English Bible in English education.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.287-308
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• 2013

Russian language tends to be quite open to borrowing. In Russian it has been for a long time the conventional way of expanding the lexicon, accepting many words from adjacent languages, including Church Slavic. In the contemporary Russian English has been the main source for loanwords. There are several linguistic factors for lexical borrowing: 1. the necessity of denominating new facts, phenomena or concepts, 2. the necessity of differentiating concepts, 3. the necessity of specializing new concepts, 4. the introduction of new international terms, 5. the increase of periphrastic expressions, 6. the needs for the more elegant and modern words. These factors have caused borrowing to enlarge the component of the lexicon and phrasal expressions, but excessive use of foreign words has brought about negative effects such as linguistic pollution. Some borrowed words are assimilated without serious conflicts, but other words undergo semantic changes in confrontation to existing words of similar meanings. These types of semantic changes comprise total change of meaning, reduction of semantic scale and extension of meaning. Semantic changes are caused by linguistic factors such as lexical conflict with existing words or by socio-culural factors such as misunderstanding of foreign words. And extension of meaning shows two types: qualitative extension and quantitative extension. The first means extending the semantic scope of a borrowed word and the latter - increasing the number of its sememe. In contemporary Russian language we can witness two productive phenomena: qualitative extension by socio-cultural factors, in which words with negative nuances are changed into those with positive ones and professional terms become common words, losing their professional meanings. On the other hand, by quantative extension some loanwords change their concrete meanings into abstract ones. In such cases loanwords acquire the additional meanings of abstractness, putting aside their original concrete meanings as the basic. On the contrary, the qualitative extension of adding the special meaning to general words or giving the concrete meaning to abstract words is not productive. And it is rarely witnessed that words of positive nuances are negatively used. It is considered that such cases are partly restricted in the spoken language or the jargon. Such phenomena may happen by the incomplete understanding of English words.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.274-274
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• 1996

This presents the preliminary results from work in progress of a paired study of the acquisition of voiceless stops by Spanish speakers learning English, and American English speakers learning Spanish. For this study the hypothesis was that the American speakers would have no difficulty suppressing the aspiration in Spanish unaspirated stops; the Spanish speakers would have difficulty acquiring the aspiration necessary for English voiceless stops, according to Eckman's Markedness Differential Hypothesis. The null hypothesis was proved. All subjects were given the same set of disyllabic real words of English and Spanish in carrier phrases. The tokens analyzed in this report are limited to word-initial voiceless stops, followed by a low back vowel in stressed syllables. Tokens were randomized and then arranged in a list with the words appearing three separate times. Aspiration was measured from the burst to the onset of voicing(VOT). Both the first language (Ll) tokens and second language (L2) tokens were compared for each speaker and between the two groups of language speakers. Results indicate that the Spanish speakers, as a group, were able to reach the accepted target language VOT of English, but English speakers were not able to reach the accepted range for Spanish, in spite of statistically significant changes of p<.OOl by speakers in both groups of learners. A closer analysis of the speech samples revealed wide variability within the speech of native speakers of English. Not only is variability in English due to the wide range of VOT (120 msecs. for English labials, for example) but individual speakers showed different patterns. These results are revealing for the demands requied in experimental designs and the number of speakers and tokens requied for an adequate description of different languages. In addition, a simple report of means will not distinguish the speakers and the respective language learning situation; measurements must also include the RANGE of acceptability of VOT for phonetic segments. This has immediate consequences for the learning and teaching of foreign languages involving aspirated stops. In addition, the labelling of spoken language in speech technology is shown to be inadequate without a fuller mathematical description.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 1999

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of abstracts of original articles. Methods. This subjects selected total 63 abstracts of the original articles of the Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine in 1997. The quality of abstracts was measured against a checklist of evaluation criteria, which were divided into eight categories and the numbers of inappropriate words (including grammar) according to criterionbased survey. A score for each abstract was obtained by dividing the number of criteria presented by the number applicable. The overall mean score was also determined. Results. The overall mean score of abstract quality was 0.55 out of 1. Of the abstracts subject selection 83% didn't include specific technical descriptors. Of those that gave conclusions 92% didn't address study limitations and 78% made no recommendations for future study. The overall mean number of inappropriate usage of words (including grammar) per abstract was 14.1. The overall mean number of English words was 283. In the multiple regression analyses, the research career of the first author and the number of English words to the number of inappropriate usage of words were statistically significant. Also, in the secondary regression model, the number of English words to the quality score of abstract was only statistically significant. Conclusions. Most of the abstracts provided some information pertaining to each evaluation criterion. However, they did not provide sufficient details to enhance the reader's understanding of the article. On the basis of the study the abstracts need improvement in its description of the reported subject selection, statements of limitations and recommendations, etc. The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine will recommend a proposal for more informative abstracts in Korean J Prey Med and will take into consideration the introduction of foreign review of abstracts. Future studies should address these issues and compare the quality of abstracts between different journals and their time of publication.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to explore the effects of systematic teaching English pronunciation and listening in English. Focusing on phonemes and words in pairs and sentences, the sound systems of the English and Korean languages are dealt with in conjunction with the test data. This paper first discusses the systemic, or primary interference and the habitual, or secondary interference that hinder comprehension of certain English sounds. Second, the analysis of input and output test data on the contrasting vowels and consonants shows statistic significance in terms of the probability (p value) of t-test. Third, the comparative data by means of percentile of right answers on contrasting vowel and consonant sounds expound the different sound systems of the English and Korean languages. With this data, problems in pronunciation of and listening to English, and the factors that may cause these problems are analyzed so that they can be used as a guideline for a systematic approach in teaching English learners, thus leading to more satisfactory performance.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2002

Learners and users of a second language have to resort to a variety of conversational strategies or structures to enable them to communicate effectively and competently. Factors affecting effective communication among English as a second or English as foreign language (ESL/EFL) learners are diverse in nature because of different socio-cultural backgrounds. Gambits as a conversational strategy are used to a large extent and teachers must be made aware of such conversational strategies used by English as second or foreign language learners. Thus, studies focusing on conversational strategies among ESL/EFL learners in the English language classroom are important in order to identify the types of conversational strategies used and to help teachers to understand the appropriate conversational strategies and structures. Such understanding can be used to guide learners to use correct conversational strategies when communicating in English. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the use of gambits as a communication strategy in conversation among non-native speakers of English in an English as a second language(ESL) context based on Kellers conversational strategy signals. (175 words)

• 음성과학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.111-128
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• 2004

In English, a focused word with new information receives a pitch accent. This paper examines how English native speakers and Korean speakers produce and perceive focus in English yes-no questions. The production experiments show that native speakers realize an appropriate intonation of yes-no questions, in which a focused word has a low pitch accent followed by a high phrasal accent and a high boundary tone. However, Korean speakers usually give a high tone to a focused word. In a like manner, the perception experiments show that English native speakers judge a word with a low tone to be focused, while Korean speakers have difficulty in comprehending a focused word realized as a low tone. And it is found that Korean speakers tend to perceive low tones on sentence initial and final focused words better than those on sentence medial focused words, and they often perceive a word with a relatively high fundamental frequency or a sharp rise of fundamental frequency as a focused word. This paper shows that Korean speakers have trouble to produce and perceive an appropriate tonal pattern of a focused yes-no question, and that can cause confusion in a conversation with native speakers.