• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.83-95
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• 2005

Arriving in the '90s, the worldwide trend of longing for naturalism and popularity of complementary and alternative medicine in America has caused traditional Oriental Medicine and medicinal plants markets to develop rapidly. And China has been pursuing the globalization policy of Chinese medicine by the initiation of the society of traditional Chinese medicine. Under this situation, it is a time for us to think about in a serious manner whether existing organization and system of Oriental medicine and the department of Oriental medicine at the schools in Korea reflects reality or whether we should turn it to some different direction. The purpose of this research is to compare the educational systems in relation to the traditional medicine between Korea and China, and to seek and look into its implication, and also to make a contribution to further developments and changes of direction for Oriental medicine education in Korea. 1. I investigated carefully the educational system of the colleges of traditional Chinese medicine, and results from this survey revealed that the academic institutions for the medicinal training in China consists of varied systems, such as 7-year program for medicinal training linking with master degree course, 6-year program, 5-year program (more than 90%), 4-year program, and so on, so then China has been raising the specialists in their traditional medicine arena through those varied academic programs. Such an educational system as the department of Chinese medicine in order to educate and produce specialists or pharmacists specializing in traditional Chinese medicine is operated only by Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in terms of 7-year academic program for medicinal major that linked with master degree course, and the rest of schools run 5-year program or 4-year program (more than 90%). And other human resources required for cultivation of medicinal plants and manufacturing herbal medicines are mostly trained at 3-year course colleges or 2-year course vocational schools. 2. In connection with traditional Chinese medicine, there are a variety of departments in the schools in China other than Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology: i.e. Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Tuina, Preclinical Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, Materials of Medicine, Phrenology and Law, Languages and Literature, etc. Therefore, these programs constitute multi academic system and also an appropriate educational base that fits in varied needs of market. Particularly, the university having 7-year program emphasize, English proficiency so that it can be considered that this academic program is a specialized course in order to achieve globalization of Chinese medicine. 3. In Korea, there are only 11 Oriental medicine schools with 6-year program which have been established by the private foundations and 3 departments of Oriental medicine at 4-year university. Therefore, we need to establish varied departments related to branches of our traditional medicine like China. 4. It is necessary to establish varied new departments related to Oriental Medicine that will be able to take a professional role in the course of pursuing the strategic goals such as scientification, globalization, standardization of Oriental Medicine, also that will meet needs of the world alternative and complementary medicine and herbal medicine markets. In order to achieve such strategic goals, we need to organize an academic system that will be different from existing systems and programs, also we are required to research further on the educational and training programs.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.85-116
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• 2016

본 연구는 개인-환경 부합 관점에서 취업시장변화에 따른 취업준비생의 관심사를 토대로 의사결정과정에 영향을 미치는 취업난의 원인을 탐색적으로 고찰하였다. 이를 위해, 최근 3개년(2013~2015) 간 취업 관련 커뮤니티 내 이용자 게시글(소셜미디어)을 웹 크롤링을 통해 수집하고, 텍스트 마이닝 기법 중 토픽 분석을 통해 취업준비생의 주요 관심사 유형 및 심리적 반응 변화추이를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 취업준비생의 주요 관심사가 '희망직업(세계)에 대한 인식, 취업사전준비활동, 노동시장에 대한 인식, 취업 스트레스'의 네 가지 유형으로 나타나는 것을 발견하였다. 구체적으로 이들은 직업가치나 미래 진로에 대한 탐색보다 희망직업과 관련하여 금전적 보상이나 직장근무형태(근무 및 생활환경)에 관해 관심을 두고 있어 불확실한 환경에 직면하면서 특정 언어적 사용(예: 비속어, 은어)을 토대로 불안정한 심리적 상태를 표현하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 현재 취업준비생들은 취업 성공을 위한 전략적 선택차원에서 주로 스펙준비에 치중하고 있어 취업불안에 따른 스트레스를 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 현재 취업난은 총체적으로 개인과 사회 조직의 가치추구 부재에 기인한다고 볼 수 있다. 결국 개인은 자신의 직업 가치관을 확립하지 못한 상황에서 일부 기업들은 인적자원의 중요성에 대해 자각하지 못하며, 사회적으로는 직업위세란 장애요인이 복합적으로 작용하여 나타난 문제라고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 취업난이란 특정 상황과 현상의 원인을 다각적으로 이해하고 다수의 취업준비생 관심사를 도출하기 위한 토픽분석과 이들의 다양한 반응의 의미를 언어 심리적 이론을 토대로 해석하는 접근방법의 필요성을 제기한다.

• 대한간호
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.76-87
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• 1992

The purposes of study was: 1. To identify the direction and scope of research activities in Korean Nursing. 2. To discuss the unique problems present in Korea that warrant nursing research. 3. To delineate the factors that facilitate and/or hinder nursing research in Korea. This study was conducted at six colleges of nursing in Korea. The schools which were selected had doctoral programs at the time, the data were collected in 1990. Four of the schools were located in the metropolitan area of the capital city, Seoul, and two were in two other cities similar in size. The total population of the study was 283 nurses. The instrument for the research was the English version of Research Profile Questionnaire which was translated into Korean by the researchers and was validated in its translation by two professors. A pretest procedure was done before the data collection process. Of the population of 283, 210 subjects received the questionnaire and 150 subjects responded(71.4%). Excluding incomplete questionnaires, 141 questionnaires were utilized for data analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Responses to open-ended questions were content analyzed for themes and categories. Results of the study were as follows : Respondents currently , involved in nursing research numbered 108(76.6%), but 33(23.4%) did not have any research experience. The inexperienced respondenLs tended to be younger than the experienced subjects and most( 60.6%) were employed in hospitals, while 82.4 percent of the experienced nurses were employed in nursing schools. Among the respondents with research experience, 68.5 percent were involved in one to three projects and 31.5 percent were engaged in four or more projects. The experienced nurses indicated that nursing research in Korea is active. On the other hand, the responses of the inexperienced were that nursing research is not active. The most frequently selected research subjects were patients(76.9%, 83 respondents) followed by nurses, healthy persons and nursing students. The relatively high percentage of healthy persons as study subjects, could be explained as a concern of nurses for healthy persons as well as for ill patients. The aforememioned literature review showed a dramatic change in the kinds of study subjects; approximately 33 percent were patients but 25 percent were healthy subjects of various ages. The hospital was the prevailing research setting(67.6%) but at the same time various community settings were used. This is a changing phenomena in nursing research of Korea. Current research designed to build on previous studies amounted to 75 percent; about 39.8 percem were theory and hypothesis generated. Over 65 recommended additional research focusing on hypothesis-testing 0:' theory building. The previously quoted literature review found that only 4.0 percent of the study quescions were developed from a theoretical framework. The most frequently listed current major focus of nursmg research was stress and adaptation. Patients with cancer, pain, social support and care of the elderly were the next most frequently reported. These concerns may reflect problems associated with a technological and industrializing societyl. The most frequently identified problem was lack of clinical research. The need for replication research and research that contributes to the accumulation of nursing knowledge were found to be rare in Korean research. A need for theory testing and theory construction research was also identified. Although advanced statistical methods were often utilized in nursing research, the results were frequently considered by the interviewers not to be applicable in practice, and readers had difficulty in comprehending the findings. Even though the number of clinical nurses involved in research is increasing, it is still considered inadequate. Among 108 respondents, 83(76.9%) gave lack of time as a barrier to conducting nursing research. Over fifty percent of the respondents reported lack of funding or, personally, low confidence in research skills as barriers. The respondents offered 183 suggestions for future emphasis in nursing research. Among the 51 areas of emphasis, clinical research received the highest number and nursing intervention was next. The findings suggested that nursing research should be based on theory, be related to practice and relevant to the situation of a unique Korean culture.

• 한국아동복지학
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• 제59호
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• pp.209-234
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• 2017

본 연구는 학업중단의 원인을 학교로 보고, 고등학생의 학업중단이 학교마다 학교특성과 학업중단의 영향요인이 다를 것으로 보았다. 이에 학교에 초점을 맞춰 전국 고등학교의 학업중단 추세를 확인하고, 고등학교 학업중단의 변화양상에 따른 유형을 종단적으로 탐색하였다. 그리고 도출된 유형별로 학교의 일반적 특성을 예측하고, 학업중단에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인(학교폭력, 학교상담)의 변화 추이를 살펴보면서 학업중단에 대한 학교의 장기간의 노력과 결과를 되짚어 보았다. 이를 위하여 KERIS EDSS의 "중등학교 정보공시데이터"를 활용하였고, 연구에서는 2012년부터 2016년까지 전국 고등학교의 5년 간 자료를 최종 모형에 투입 분석하였다. 연구는 네 가지 목적에 의해 수행되었고, 그에 따른 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고등학교의 학업중단에 대한 종단적인 변화양상을 탐색하기 위하여 잠재성장모형으로 분석한 결과, 시간이 지날수록 전국 고등학교의 학업중단은 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 둘째, 고등학교의 학업중단 변화양상에 따른 유형을 성장혼합모형으로 분석한 결과, 학업유지형, 학업중단감소형, 학업중단지속형과 같은 3가지 유형이 도출되었다. 셋째, 도출된 유형별 학교의 일반적 특성을 다항로지스틱 분석으로 예측한 결과에서는 국공립일수록, 전문계고일수록, 국영수 기초학력미달 학생 수가 많을수록 학업중단지속형에 속할 확률이 높았고, 전체학생 수가 많을수록 학업유지형이나 학업중단감소형에 속할 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 도출된 세 유형별로 학교폭력과 학교상담의 변화추이를 다 집단 성장혼합모형으로 분석한 결과에서 특히 학업중단감소형의 추이가 주목된다. 학업중 단감소형은 초기에 높았던 학교폭력 심의건수와 가해학생 수가 시간이 지날수록 매년 감소하는 양상을 보였고, 이와 함께 학교의 전문상담교사 배치수를 매년 늘리고, 또래상담을 지속적으로 활성화시켰음을 확인하였다. 이러한 점이 초기 학업중단이 가장 높았던 고등학교가 학업중단감소형 학교가 된 이유일 것으로 사료된다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.179-200
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• 2019

구전(Word-of-Mouth) 활동은 오래 전부터 기업의 마케팅 과정에서 중요성을 인식하고 특히 마케팅 분야에서 많은 주목을 받아왔다. 최근에는 인터넷의 발달에 따라 온라인 뉴스, 온라인 커뮤니티 등에서 사람들이 지식과 정보를 주고 받는 방식이 다양해지면서 구전은 후기, 평점, 좋아요 등으로 입소문의 양상이 다각화되고 있다. 이러한 현상에 따라 구전에 관한 다양한 연구들이 선행되어왔으나, 이들을 종합적으로 분석한 메타 분석 연구는 부재하다. 본 연구는 학술 빅데이터를 활용해 구전 관련 연구동향을 알아내기 위해서 텍스트 마이닝 기법을 적용하여 주요 연구들을 추출하고 시기별로 연구들의 주요 쟁점을 파악하는 기법을 제안하였다. 이를 위해서 1941년부터 2018년까지 인용 데이터베이스인 Scopus에서 'Word-of-Mouth'라는 키워드로 검색되는 총 4389건의 문헌을 수집하였고, 영어 형태소 분석과 불용어 제거 등 전처리 과정을 통해 데이터를 정제하였다. 본 연구는 학문 분야의 발전 궤적을 추적하는 데 활용되는 주경로 분석기법을 적용해 구전과 관련된 핵심 연구들을 추출하여 연구동향을 거시적 관점에서 제시하였고, 단어동시출현 정보를 추출하여 키워드 간 네트워크를 구축하여 시기별로 구전과 관련된 연관어들이 어떻게 변화되었는지 살펴봄으로써 연구동향을 미시적 관점에서 제시하였다. 수집된 문헌 데이터를 기반으로 인용 네트워크를 구축하고 SPC 가중치를 적용하여 키루트 주경로를 추출한 결과 30개의 문헌으로 구성된 주경로가 추출되었고, 연관어 네트워크 분석을 통해서는 시기별로 온라인 시대, 관광 산업 등 다양한 산업군 등 산업 변화가 반영돼 시대적 변화와 더불어 발전하고 있는 학술적 영역의 변화를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.253-277
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• 2015

본 연구는 한국과 일본, 영국의 기혼여성근로자를 대상으로 일과 가정의 양립 관련 가치관(일-가족지향성, 맞벌이태도-경력단절태도, 결혼 및 자녀필요성, 일의 가치 등)에 차이가 있는지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 또한 이들 가치관에 대한 세대 간 차이를 발견하고, 한국, 일본, 영국 기혼여성근로자의 주된 가치관 유형을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 한국 311명, 일본 324명, 영국 322명의 자료가 분석되었으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국이 일본과 영국에 비해 일지향적이며, 일에 있어서 외재적 가치와 내재적 가치가 모두 높은 경향을 보였다. 또한 여성이 일을 해야 한다고 생각하는 경향성이 높으나, 일과 가정의 갈등상황에서 여성이 일을 그만두어야 한다고 생각하는 경향성도 높은 것으로 드러나, 여성의 일-가정에 대한 이중적 가치관을 보여주었다. 둘째, 영국은 삶의 중심을 가족에 두는 경향이 강하였으며, 여성이 반드시 일을 할 필요가 없다고 생각하는 경향이 높았다. 군집분석결과, 영국은 여성이 가정의 주책임을 맡아야 한다고 생각하는 경향이 강한 '여성-가족돌봄가치지향'집단과 가족가치를 중요하게 여기는 '가족가치지향'집단에 많이 분포되는 경향을 보였다. 셋째, 일본은 한국과 영국 중 가족지향성이 가장 낮고, 일지향성도 낮으며, 일에 대해서 내재적 가치와 외재적 가치를 지향하는 정도가 모두 낮은 것으로 드러났다. 군집분석결과, 일본 조사대상자의 경우 가장 높은 비율이 '가치관약화집단'에 포함되고 있어, 가족의 영역에서도 일의 영역에서도 동기와 만족감을 느끼지 못하는 소진된 경향이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 한편 일본은 맞벌이 태도와 경력단절태도, 결혼 및 자녀필요성이 일관되게 진보적인 성향을 보이고 있어 한국과는 구별된다. 이 같은 결과를 한국, 일본, 영국의 사회경제정책 및 심리적 측면을 고려하여 해석하였다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.51-64
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• 1997

The purpose of the study was to introduce an integrated approach of new Casuistry and specified principlism in resolving ethical problems and studying nursing ethics. In studying clinical ethics and nursing ethics, there is no systematic research method. While nurses often experience ethical dilemmas in practice, much of previous research on nursing ethics has focused merely on describing the existing problems. In addition, ethists presented theoretical analysis and critics rather than providing the specific problems solving strategies. There is a need in clinical situations for an integrated method which can provide the objective description for existing problem situations as well as specific problem solving methods. We inherit two distinct ways of discussing ethical issues. One of these frames these issues in terms of principles, rules, and other general ideas; the other focuses on the specific features of particular kinds of moral cases. In the first way general ethical rules relate to specific moral cases in a theoretical manner, with universal rules serving as "axioms" from which particular moral judgments are deduced as theorems. In the seconds, this relation is frankly practical. with general moral rules serving as "maxims", which can be fully understood only in terms of the paradigmatic cases that define their meaning and force. Theoretical arguments are structured in ways that free them from any dependence on the circumstances of their presentation and ensure them a validity of a kind that is not affected by the practical context of use. In formal arguments particular conclusions are deduced from("entailed by") the initial axioms or universal principles that are the apex of the argument. So the truth or certainty that attaches to those axioms flows downward to the specific instances to be "proved". In the language of formal logic, the axioms are major premises, the facts that specify the present instance are minor premises, and the conclusion to be "proved" is deduced (follows necessarily) from the initial presises. Practical arguments, by contrast, involve a wider range of factors than formal deductions and are read with an eye to their occasion of use. Instead of aiming at strict entailments, they draw on the outcomes of previous experience, carrying over the procedures used to resolve earlier problems and reapply them in new problmatic situations. Practical arguments depend for their power on how closely the present circumstances resemble those of the earlier precedent cases for which this particular type of argument was originally devised. So. in practical arguments, the truths and certitudes established in the precedent cases pass sideways, so as to provide "resolutions" of later problems. In the language of rational analysis, the facts of the present case define the gounds on which any resolution must be based; the general considerations that carried wight in similar situations provide warrants that help settle future cases. So the resolution of any problem holds good presumptively; its strengh depends on the similarities between the present case and the prededents; and its soundness can be challenged (or rebutted) in situations that are recognized ans exceptional. Jonsen & Toulmin (1988), and Jonsen (1991) introduce New Casuistry as a practical method. The oxford English Dictionary defines casuistry quite accurately as "that part of ethics which resolves cases of conscience, applying the general rules of religion and morality to particular instances in which circumstances alter cases or in which there appears to be a conflict of duties." They modified the casuistry of the medieval ages to use in clinical situations which is characterized by "the typology of cases and the analogy as an inference method". A case is the unit of analysis. The structure of case was made with interaction of situation and moral rules. The situation is what surrounds or stands around. The moral rule is the essence of case. The analogy can be objective because "the grounds, the warrants, the theoretical backing, the modal qualifiers" are identified in the cases. The specified principlism was the method that Degrazia (1992) integrated the principlism and the specification introduced by Richardson (1990). In this method, the principle is specified by adding information about limitations of the scope and restricting the range of the principle. This should be substantive qualifications. The integrated method is an combination of the New Casuistry and the specified principlism. For example, the study was "Ethical problems experienced by nurses in the care of terminally ill patients"(Um, 1994). A semi-structured in-depth interview was conducted for fifteen nurses who mainly took care of terminally ill patients. The first stage, twenty one cases were identified as relevant to the topic, and then were classified to four types of problems. For instance, one of these types was the patient's refusal of care. The second stage, the ethical problems in the case were defined, and then the case was analyzed. This was to analyze the reasons, the ethical values, and the related ethical principles in the cases. Then the interpretation was synthetically done by integration of the result of analysis and the situation. The third stage was the ordering phase of the cases, which was done according to the result of the interpretation and the common principles in the cases. The first two stages describe the methodology of new casuistry, and the final stage was for the methodology of the specified principlism. The common principles were the principle of autonomy and the principle of caring. The principle of autonomy was specified; when competent patients refused care, nurse should discontinue the care to respect for the patients' decision. The principle of caring was also specified; when the competent patients refused care, nurses should continue to provide the care in spite of the patients' refusal to preserve their life. These specification may lead the opposite behavior, which emphasizes the importance of nurse's will and intentions to make their decision in the clinical situations.