• 음성과학
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2004

Human has average pitch-level when speak naturally. That is 'Habitual pitch level'. However, if noise added at speech, the pitch-wave is changed irregularly. We can estimate noise level of speech by using this point. This paper calculates energy level of the input speech, pitch period from of above limited energy level by NAMDF (Normalized Average Magnitude Difference Function) method, after cut each frame by pitch period unit, and propose a method that estimate noise level through closed pitch of input speech.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.58-74
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• 1998

A PC window-based computer code, CONPAS (CONtainment Performance Analysis System), has been developed to integrate the numerical, graphical, and results-operation aspects of Level 2 probabilistic safety assessments (PSA) for nuclear power plants automatically. As a main logic for accident progression analysis, it employs a concept of the small containment phenomenological event tree (CPET) helpful to trace out visually individual accident progressions and of the detailed supporting event tree (DSET) for its detailed quantification. For the integrated analysis of Level 2 PSA, the code utilizes five distinct, but closely related modules. Its computational feasibility to real PSAs has been assessed through an application to the UCN 3&4 full scope Level 2 PSA. Compared with other existing computer codes for Level 2 PSA, the CONPAS code provides several advanced features: (1) systematic uncertainty analysis / importance analysis / sensitivity analysis, (2) table / graphical display & print, (3) employment of the recent Level 2 PSA technologies, and (4) highly effective user interface. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the key features of CONPAS code and results of its feasibility study.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.369-374
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• 2008

This paper presents the evaluation procedures and the estimation method for the estimation of optimal rebate level for EE(Energy Efficiency) programs. The penetration amount of each appliance is estimated by applying price function to preferred diffusion model resulted from model compatibility test. To estimate the optimal rebate level, two objective functions which express the maximum energy saving and operation benefit are introduced and by multi-objective function which can simultaneously consider two objective functions the optimal rebate level of each appliance is estimated. And then, using the decided rebate level and each penetration amount, the priority order for reasonable investment of each high-efficiency appliance is estimated compared to the results of conventional method. Finally, using a benefit/cost analysis based on California standard practice manual, the economic analysis is implemented for the four perspectives such as participant, ratepayer impact measure, program administrator cost and total resource cost.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.827-833
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• 2015

In this paper, we have compared three level set-based active contour (LSAC) methods on inhomogeneous MR image segmentation which is known as an important role of brain diseases to diagnosis and treatment in early. MR image is often occurred a problem with similar intensities and weak boundaries which have been causing many segmentation methods. However, LSAC method could be able to segment the targets such as the level set based on the local image fitting energy, the local binary fitting energy, and local Gaussian distribution fitting energy. Our implemented and tested the subcortical image segmentations were the corpus callosum and hippocampus and finally demonstrated their effectiveness. Consequently, the level set based on local Gaussian distribution fitting energy has obtained the best model to accurate and robust for the subcortical image segmentation.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2017

Electricity is basic need for country development. But at the present time proper planning and policy is require at high pace for power generation network extension due to the increasing population growth rate. Present study aimed to analyze the present and future demand for electricity at household level in Province of Balochistan of Pakistan via simulation modeling. Data of year 2004-2005 was used as baseline data for electricity consumption to predict future demand of electricity at both rural and urban domestic level up to subsequent 30 years, with help of LEAP software. Basically three scenarios were created to run software. One scenario was Business-As-Usual and other two were green scenarios i.e., solar and wind energy scenarios. Results predicted that by using alternative energy sources, demand for electricity will be fulfill and will also reduce burden on non-renewable energy sources due to the greater potential for solar and wind energy present in Balochistan.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.226-239
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• 2013

A number of systems have several on-chip memories with cache memory being one of them. Conventional cache memory consists of SRAM but the ratio of static energy to the total energy of the memory architecture becomes larger as the leakage power of traditional SRAM increases. Spin-Torque Transfer RAM (STT-RAM), which is a variety of Non-Volatile Memory (NVM), has many advantages over SRAM, such as high density, low leakage power, and non-volatility, but it consumes too much writing energy. This study evaluated a wide range of energy consumptions of a two-level cache using NVM partially on a mobile processor. Through a number of experimental evaluations, it was confirmed that the use of NVM partially in the two-level cache effectively reduces energy consumption significantly.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.103-112
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• 1994

This study was a sequential experiment consisting if feeding trial and in vitro culture studies. Feeding was conducted by $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design with two cimaterol levels (0, 0.25 mg/kg), two energy levels (3,200, 2,900 ME kcal/kg) and two sexes. In starting period (0-21 days) broilers were fed diets containing two energy level without dietary supplementation of cimaterol. During finishing period (21-42 days) cimaterol groups were fed cimaterol supplemented diets. In vitro cultures were carried out to study the cellular metabolism of protein and fat in liver and adipose tissues prepared from chicks used in feeding trials. Body weight gain was significantly improved by the administration of cimaterol to experimental diets by 2.4% (p < 0.05). Feed intake was reduced by cimaterol administration at the high energy level, but this trend was reversed at low energy level. Feed efficiency was improved by cimaterol administration and at high energy level the difference (5.7%) was significant(p < 0.05). The administration of cimaterol had no effects on percentage of abdominal fat content, giblet and neck. There was little difference in carcass yield between control and cimaterol treated group. The administration of cimaterol had no effects on nutrient metabolizability or carcass composition. The results of in vitro studies with liver tissues showed that cimaterol increased the lipolytic activities (p < 0.05) and decreased lipogenic activities (p < 0.05). In in vitro studies with acinar cell of liver tissues. cimaterol increased the amount of retained protein and decreased secreted protein at high energy level. but the trend was opposite at low energy level.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.11-24
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• 1981

The objectives of the study were to determine 1) if energy consumption and conservation vary in clothing, food, and housing with independent variables-size of household, homemaker's age, employment, and level of education, level of living, type of house, electricity use, and all energy use, and 2) if there is a correlation among energy conservation practices in clothing, food, and housing. Questionnaires wee given to the randomly selected homemakers in Seoul in July, 1980. Data from 620 responses were analyzed by F-test (Analysis of Variance) and Correlation. The results are as follows: 1. Clothing (1) the scores of the conservation practices I clothing were generally high. /However, it was found that a) they did not practice in wearing heavy under clothes and behavior outer clothing to cope with cool room temperature in the winter, b) they did not use bleach for laundry, but they used boiling method, and c) they did not have enough knowledge on Permanent Press finish. (2) energy conservation practices in clothing were significantly related to level of living and homemakrer's level of education. a) The higher the level of living, the higher scores in the knowledge were found. b) the higher the homeakcer's level of education, the higher scores in the knowledge and ironing were obtained. 2. Food (1) The scores of the conservation practices in food were generally high. However, it was found that scientific cooking methods were not performed such as a) to use measuring spoons, cups, and timers, b) to practice a simple method in using solor energy for warming water, c) to use thermos for the hot water tea or coffee, but they boiled water whenever necessary, and b) to use the pressure cooker whenever possible. (2) Energy conservation practices in food were significantly related to homemaker's employment and type of dwellings. a) The scores of full-time homemakers (not gainfully employed) were higher than gainfully employed homemakers. b) Families in traditional Korean dwellings revealed higher scores than those in apartment or western style dwellings. 3. Housing (1) The scores of the conservation practices in housing were generally high. However, it was found that a) they did not install fans in the kitchen, bathroom, and attic in the summer, b) they did not install a humidifier for tolerating a lower room temperature in the winer, c) they did not practice to make plans for the door of the refrigerator remained open for the shortest time, d) they did not install or use a local lighting with a general lighting for reading and cooking, and e) they usedaluminum foil without the knowledge of the heat reaction of its shiny and dull sides. (2) energy conservation practices in housing were significantly related to homemaker's employment and level of education, economic status, types of dwelling, and all energy use, a) Full-time homeakers had higher scores than gainfully employed homeakers. b) the higher the homemaker's level of education and economics status, the higher scores were obtained. c) Homeakers with their own house scored higher points than those with rented houses. And families in apartment or row houses scored higher points than those in traditional korean or western style dwellings. d) The higher the consumption rate of electricity and all energy, the higher scores were revealed. 4. correlation there was a significant correlation among energy conservation practices I clothing, food, and housing.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.458-458
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• 2022

It is essential to reduce global carbon emissions, mainly from energy use. The water supply and distribution sector is a vital part of human society and is one of the primary energy consumers. The procurement and distribution of water require electricity to operate the pump to deliver water to users with sufficient pressure. As the water users are spatially distributed over a wide area, the energy required to deliver water to each user differs depending on the corresponding supplying element (reservoir, tank, pipe, pump, and valve). This difference in energy required for each user also comes with a difference in pressure availability which affects the level of service for individual users and the whole network. Typically, there is a disproportion where users close to the source experience excessively high pressure with low energy consumption. In contrast, remote users need more energy to get the minimum pressure. This study proposes the Energy Return Index (ERI) to quantify the pressure return from particular energy consumption to supply water to each node. The disproportionality can be quantified and identified in the network using the proposed ERI. The index can be applied to optimize the network elements such as pump operation and tank location/size to reach a balanced energy consumption with the appropriate level of service.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2009

This study investigated the relationship between style of purchase behavior and search information, attitude, and behavior for energy saving. In addition, this paper classified several consumer groups based on their different styles of purchase behavior and investigated whether those groups differ in attitude and behavior for energy saving. The following is a summary of the main results. First, consumers were classified according to style of purchase behavior into a rational consumer group, a fashion- or brand-oriented group, a group uninterested in consumption, and a neutrally oriented group. Second, there were no significant differences among the four consumer groups in the amount of information search and the level of communication with other consumers related to energy-saving information; however, there were significant differences in terms of the information sources used. For example, the neutrally oriented group was more likely to use more objective information sources. Third, the level of attitude toward energy saving was more likely to be active when consumers were old and rational. Consumers with a high income, education and experience in energy saving, and an active attitude were more likely to be active in energy saving, especially in the disposal stage of purchase. Finally, attitude toward energy saving was the most influential factor in the level of energy-saving behavior.