• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the energy intake and energy expenditure of obese children. The body weight and height were measured, and the daily energy intake and activity pattern assessed for one day, using the 24 hour recall method and interviews in 83 elementary school children (59 boys and 24 girls). The average age, height, weight, ideal body weight and obesity index in boys and girls were 11.8 years, 144.8 cm, 54.2 kg, 39.9 kg and 35.9% and 11.5 years, 140.8 cm, 48.9 kg, 36.9 kg and 33.7%, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes of boys and girls were 1,670.5 and 1,656.5 kcal; these being 76.4 and 88.5% of estimated energy requirement for Koreans, respectively. The energy intake ratio from carbohydrates, proteins and fats in boys and girls were 61.5:14.7:23.6 and 62.0:14.7:23.7, respectively. The resting energy expenditure, as estimated by the Harris-Benedict, WHO/NAO/FAO and Korean DRI formulae in boys and girls were 1,452.7, 1,239.2 and 1,629.2 kcal and 1,323.9, 1,156.0 and 1,252.4 kcal, respectively. The activity coefficient for both the boys and girls was 1.39. The daily energy expenditure of boys (1,990.7 kcal) was significantly higher than that of girls (1712.1 kcal). No significant correlations were found between the obesity index, energy intake and energy expenditure. These results suggested that a nutrition and exercise program is required to increase the energy expenditure of elementary school children. Further research will be needed to assess multiple dietary factors and dove]lop a standard method for assessing the energy expenditure of obese children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.424-430
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare predictions and measurements of the resting energy expenditure (REE) of overweight and obese adult women in Korea. Methods: The subjects included 65 overweight or obese adult women ranging in age from 20~60 with a recorded body mass index (BMI) of 23 or higher. Their height, weight, waist-hip ratio, and blood pressure were measured. The investigator also measured their body fat, body fat percentage, and body composition of total weight without fat using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and measured resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Measured resting energy expenditures were compared with predictions from six methods: Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Owen, WHO-WH, Henry-WH, and KDRI. Results: Harris-Benedict predictions showed the smallest differences from measured resting energy expenditure at an accurate prediction rate of 70%. The study analyzed regression between measured resting energy expenditure and body measurements including height, weight and age. The formula proposed by this research is as follows: Proposed REE equation for overweight and obese Korean women = $721-(1.5{\times}age)+(0.4{\times}height)+(9.9{\times}weight)$. Conclusions: These findings suggest that age is a significant variable when predicting resting energy expenditure in overweight and obese women. Therefore, prediction of resting energy expenditure should consider age when determining energy requirements in overweight and obese women.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.303-309
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• 2012

Energy expenditure values were estimated based on the voice signals and body activities. Voice signals and body activities were obtained using PVDF contact vibration sensor and 3-axis accelerometer, respectively. Vibration caused by voices, activity signals, and actual energy consumption were acquired using data acquisition system and gas analyzer. With the use of power values from the voice signals and weight as independent variables, R-square of 0.918 appeared to show the highest value. For activity outputs, use of signal vector magnitude, body mass index, height, and age as independent variables revealed to provide the highest correlation with actual energy expenditure. Estimation of energy expenditure based on voice and activity provides more accurate results than based on activity only.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.521-527
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• 1997

This study was aimed to investigate the nutriational status of Korean female college students who are attending school at a longdistance. Physique calssification by anthropomethic indexes, Body mass index(BMI) & Brocas' index and the body fat distrubition were investigated. The energy balance was also examined comparing caloric intake with caloric expenditure. The result of this study are followings; (1) Average height and weight were 158±17.8 cm, 51.7±7.8 kg. This results were not quite different from '84 Korean Adult Standard of 159.5cm, 52.5kg. (2) By Broca's index, 25.89% of subjects was underweight 67.0% was normal weight and 7.06 was overweight. By BMI, 40% of subjects was underweight, 58.8% was normal weight and 1.2% was overweight. (3) According to % fat measured. By BIA, 7% in subjects was underweight, 64.2% was normal weight, 22% was overweight and 6.1% was obesity. This result differed from BMI's result. It may be measurement error due to the difficulty of removing metal sticking to underwear and tooth correction. (4) The intakes of the nutrients except protein, P, vitamin B₁ complexes, were lower than the intakes indicated by Korean Recommended Allowances. 95) Average caloric intake a day was 1545±394.4 kcal, which was much lower than the RDA. The caloric expenditure was much more than caloric intake, which showed negative energy balance in the subjects of this study.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.109-114
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to estimate the energy expenditure simply and practically during physical activities. The physical activity is quantified by the integration of the accelerometer signals obtained from the triaxial accelerometer attached at the waist level of the human body. To find a relationship between energy expenditure and accelerometer data, 6 male and 5 female subjects walked and ran on the treadmill with speeds of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, and 8.5 km/hr. Each subject performed walking at the speed lower than 6.0 km/hr and running at the speed higher than 6.5 km/hr. Actual energy expenditure was determined by a continuous direct gas analyzer. Two predictive equations of walking and running mode for energy expenditure which includes gender, body mass index(BMI) and data from accelerometer were developed using multiple regression analysis. The correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination between the estimated and measured energy expenditure were R=0.936, R2=0.876 and R=0.881, R2=0.776 in walking and running mode, respectively. For further study, experiments on a larger scale of test subjects are essential for acquiring more reliable results.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3826-3832
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• 2010

This study was aimed at determining the effect of virtual reality(VR) based exercise programs on energy expenditure during gait in chronic stroke patients. Thirty-two stroke patients were participated for this study. They underwent stroke for more than 6 months and were assigned to a VR-exercise group (n=16) or a control group (n=16). The VR-exercise group executed a rehabilitation exercise three times a week during 6 weeks. The VR-exercise was performed by PS2 for one hour. Control group maintained their usual life without application of exercise. Energy expenditure index(EEI) during gait was calculated from heart rate and gait velocity. After the completion of the VR-exercise, the EEI was decreased significantly (p<0.05). These results showed that the rehabilitation exercise using a virtual reality is effective in the improvement of energy efficiency during gait in chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Treadmill Training with FES(TTF) on walking velocity, gait endurance, and energy expenditure index(EEI) of hemiplegia patients with foot drop. Two subjects with hemiplegia participated in this study. They took walking excercise 5 times per week for 8 weeks. One time excercise spent 30minutes. The theraputic effect was evaluated by how many seconds they needed to walk 10 meters, how far they could walk for 12 minutes, and how much they spent energy in walking for 12 minutes. Two cases were examined before, after 4 week, and after 8 week, walking training. The results of this study are as follows; 1) Walking velocity : Case 1 increased from 0.52m/sec before walking training to 0.83m/sec after 8 weeks. Case 2 increased from 0.58m/sec to 0.92m/sec. 2) Gait endurance : Case 1 increased from 383.23m to 625.53m. Case 2 increased from 410.19m to 693.47m. 3) EEI : For comfortable walking condition, Case 1 decreased from 0.98beats/min to 0.71beats/min, and Case 2 decreased from 0.93beats/min to 0.68beats/min. For maximum walking condition, Case 1 decreased from 0.93beats/min to 0.67beats/min, and Case 2 decreased from 0.91beats/min to 0.61beats/min. The findings suggest that hemiplegia patients can improve their walking velocity, gait endurance and energy expenditure index through TTF.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.893-903
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• 1995

This study was attempted to estimate seasonal variations of physical activity level, energy balance & body composition of 38 rural women, aged 31 to 67yrs in three seasons ; farming season(June), harvesting season(October), nonfarming season(February) Energy intake, energy expenditure and body composition were assessed using questionnaire, daily activity diary & bioelectrical impedance. The type of activities & the period of the spent on each activity were changed significantly with the seasons. Daily mean duration(min) of farming activity was significantly higher in June & October than in February(p<0.005) & daily mean energy expenditure for farming activity was significantly high in June & low inFebruary (p<0.005). Daily mean energy expenditure was 2892.9㎉ in June, 2487.4㎉ in October and 2130.9㎉ in February and changed significantly in three seasons(p<0.005). Daily mean energy intake was significantly higher in June(=1950.3㎉) & October (=1946.9㎉) than in February(=1423.3㎉)(p<0.005). According to RDA for koreans, the level of physical activity fell into exceptional activity category in June, heavy in October, moderate in February. Mean energy balance was negative in all seasons ; 0.682 in June, 0.812 in October and 0.698 in February. In three seasons mean body weight, mean obesity rate and mean body mass index(BMI) were not changed significantly. But there were significant seasonal variations in body fat(%) & lean body mass(LBM)(%). The mean percentage of body fat(%) was within normal range(24.44-24.79%) & the mean percentage of lean body mass(LBM)(%) representing long term physical activity was significantly higher in June(75.56%) & October(75.21%) & October (75.21%) than in February(72.75%)(p<0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.277-285
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among nutrient intake, life style, and serum lipids level in 108 healthy middle-aged men in Taegu. A convenient method was to assess nutritional intake. Anthropometric measuement of body weight and hight were measured and average energy expenditure was calculated. The mean body mass index(BMI) was 22.8$\pm$2.4 and it was in the middle of the mean BMI of Korean men. Obesity rate of study subject were 13.2%. Daily energy intake was not sufficient as 88.4% of recommended dietary allowances and the energy percentage of carboydrate, fat protein was 65 : 21 : 14. Mean intake of vitamin A, B1, C and Ca were lower than RDA. There was a highly significant negative correlation between the systolic blood pressure and calcium intake(r=-0.28, p<0.05). Smokers showed significantly higher blood glucose than non-smokers. Skipping meals and uneven diurnal distribution(no breakfast and large evening meals) are associated with high triglyceride level in this population. There was a highly significant correlation between body weight and plasma lipids. Energy expenditure was negatively correlated with plasma triglyceride level. Especially, atherogenic index was significantly lower in job-time physically active worker than that in sedentary worker. Above data provides valuable imformation to the community for program planning as well as to health providers who work individual male adults to meet their nutrition needs and to control blood lipids.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2020

This paper uses super-efficiency DEA model and Malmquist index to evaluate the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) values of the nine western provinces along the "Silk Road Economic Belt" for the period from 2000 to 2015, and analyses the influencing factors of the CEE. The major findings of this study are the following: (1) the overall CEE of the nine western provinces is not high, and there are significant inter-provincial differences in the CEE. Meanwhile, the provinces with higher levels of economic development generally have higher CEE. (2) The annual total factor productivity (TFP) of the nine western provinces, which is mainly determined by technological change, is greater than 1. Moreover, the total average growth rate of the TFP is 15.5%. (3) The CEE of the nine western provinces is not spatially dependent. In addition, the urbanization, openness, use of energy-saving technologies and research and development (R&D) investment have a significant positive impact on the CEE values, while the industrial structure, foreign direct investment, fixed asset investment, government expenditure levels and energy structure have a significant negative impact on the CEE. Among them, R&D investment is the primary factor in promoting the development of CEE, and the government expenditure has the greatest negative impact on the CEE.