• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of energy restricted (ER) diet on the expressions of lipogenic genes in liver and myogenic genes in muscle tissue of broiler chickens. Energy restriction was accomplished by providing chicks with 70% (ER70) or 85% (ER85) energy level of control diet intake. Energy restricted groups of chickens were restricted for 7 days, starting at 8 days of age. Ad libitum feeding was resumed after the restriction period, and continued through the end of the experiment. The body weight of chickens in the restricted groups gained less during the energy restriction period (P<0.05). The body weight of the ER groups were similar to the control group during the re-alimentation period. However, the body weight of the ER70 group did not catch up with that of the control group by 35 days of age. The energy restrictions during early life of chicks decreased the contents of triglycerides and cholesterol in blood (P<0.05), but those were not different among treatments after re-alimentation. The genes of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and transcription factors including SREBP and PPARγ were down regulated by restriction regimen only in ER70 (P<0.05). However, those genes were not completely recovered after re-alimentation in ER70 group. The RNA expression levels of Myo-D, Myf-5 and myogenin in all treatment groups were decreased by restriction regimen when compared with control group (P<0.05). Myogenin was highly expressed after re-alimentation, but the other genes were not different among groups. These results suggest that ER85 group shows the best growth performance by re-alimentation and the higher muscle differentiation by expressing myogenin.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1829-1838
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• 2021

Objective: The effects of maternal dietary energy levels on breast muscle fibre development in offspring of broiler breeders were investigated. Methods: A total of 480 20-week-old Arbor Acres (AA) healthy female broiler breeders, with an average body weight of 2.33±0.01 kg, were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates and 20 broiler breeders for each replicate and fed a corn and soybean meal diet with 100%, 80%, 70%, and 50% energy levels, respectively. Approximately 300 eggs per treatment were collected for incubation for 6 days. Then, 120 0-day-old female broilers at each energy level were randomly selected and divided into 6 replicates with 20 broilers for each replicate, with this experimental phase with the offspring lasting for 49 days. Results: Compared with the 100% energy group, the breast muscle fibre diameter at embryonic day 21 in the 80% energy group was significantly reduced (p<0.05). In the 80% energy group, the muscle fibre density of the breast increased significantly (p<0.05) at embryonic days 15 and 21. The breast muscle fibre diameter of the offspring in each group was significantly decreased (p<0.05) on the 1st day. The breast muscle sarcomere length of the embryos in the 80% energy group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the 70% and 50% energy groups. Compared with the 100% energy group, the expression of the myostatin gene in the offspring was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the effects of a maternal dietary energy level of 80% in this study were found to be optimal for breast muscle fibre development in offspring, which indicated that the metabolic energy level of AA broilers of 9.36 MJ/kg for the mid-term diet for laying eggs has a more practical significance.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.299-307
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• 2008

To characterize gene expression that is dependent on the strength of calorie restriction (CR), we obtained transcriptome at different levels of glucose, which is a major energy and carbon source for budding yeast. To faithfully mimic mammalian CR in yeast culture, we reconstituted and grew seeding yeast cells in fresh 2% YPD media before inoculating into 2%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% YPD media to reflect different CR strengths. We collected and characterized 160 genes that responded to CR strength based on the rigorous statistical analyses of multiple test corrected ANOVA (adjusted p value < 0.1 or raw p value < 0.0031) and Pearson correlation (|r| > 0.7). Based on the individual gene studies and the GO Term Finder analysis of 160 genes, we found that CR dose-dependently and gradually increased mitochondrial function at the transcriptional level. Therefore, we suggest these 160 genes are markers that respond to CR strength and that might be useful in elucidating CR mechanisms, especially how stronger CR extends life span more.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.823-828
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• 2007

In compare with a major developed countries, Korea consumes much energy, but also eliminates much carbon dioxide. Agricultural sector eliminate much carbon dioxide than industrial sector. In Kyoto protocol, Korea needs to reduce carbon dioxide. One way to reduce carbon dioxide is utilization of biomass in rural area. This paper focus on utilization of biomass in rural area. If use 20% potential amount of biomass, it obtain 50% of TPES on agricultural sector. The condition of utilization biomass is connected with agricultural policy, environmental policy, and energy policy. And environmental restriction keep pace with economical incentive.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.168-174
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• 1990

This study was focused on the characterization of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for molecular genetically approach of energy Production related mechanism in Panax Ein.fend. The simple and efficient method of mtDNA isolation from ginseng has been developed by modification of recently advanced methods. This procedure can successfully apply to mtDNA isolation of several plants. MtDNA of etiolated shoot and one-year root were digested with restriction endonucleases, but that of 6-year root not Any difference was not observed in the restriction endonuclease digestion patterns among the ginseng variants. Molecular size of ginseng mtDNA was estimated at least 159 kb by the restriction endonuclease fragment analysis. The 4.5 kb extra band at the lane of EcoRll treatment could be observed in restriction patterns digested with the methylation sensitive endonucleases, BstN 1 and EcoRll. For construction of mitochondrial genomic library of ginseng, mtDNA was partially digested with EcoRl, and packaged with EMBL4 phage vector Genomic library was screened and purified for further research including restricttion mapping of ginseng mtDNA, and cloning of the genes. The gene of ATP synthase A subunit was cloned koto the purified EMBL4 library clone No. 16. Now, clone No. 16 is subcloned for structure gene sequence analysis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 1973

Metabolic responses to the protein-free, high-carbohydrate diet and subsequent food restriction on the same diet at the level of 50% and 75% has been studied on the adult albino rats. The energy source was either corn starch or sugar. In experiment I, adult male rats weighing $509{\pm}8g$ were divided into two groups 10 rats each. Rats fed on the stock diet served as a control. Rats of restriction group received a protein free diet until they reduced their weight down to 400g and continue on a protein-calorie restriction diet until they reduced their weight down to 300g. In experiment II, 28 adult male rats and the same numbers of female rats weighing $329{\pm}5g$ and $223{\pm}4g$ respectively were divided into four groups, 7 males and females in each. Rats fed on a stock diet were sacrificed at the point when others started a protein free diet. These were served as the control. The protein free group received a protein free diet ad libitum for 4 weeks. The 50% restriction group and 75% restriction group were fed on a protein free diet coupled with food restriction at levels of 50% and 75% respectively for 3 weeks. In the result of this study: 1. The rate of body weight changes was similar between the males and the females. Feeding protein free diet ad lib. initiated a rapid weight lost of approximately 25% and protein free diet coupled with food restriction showed 37-43% reduction of their initial weight. 2. There was no significant differences in the value of the N concentration in liver, spleen, brain and muscle between controls and experimental groups. 3. Rats fed on protein free diet showed 1/10 value of the control in the nitrogen excretion in urine. However female showed less N excretion than male. 4. Observing blood picture, the effects of protein depletion and calorie restriction were not appeared any remarkable changes. 5. There was no sign of fatty liver which might result from protein depletion and calorie restriction. 6. Following semi-starvation, FAO and HMP-DH total enzyme activity was reduced, but activity per unit weight was relatively stable.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.266-274
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• 1989

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of the ratios of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy restriction on insulin sensitivity in the growing rats. Male rats weighting 80-90g were fed experimental diets for two weeks. Rats were killed and epiddymal adipose tissue were removed and sliced. Explants of adipose tissues were incubated for 2 hours in KRB(Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate) buffer containing various concentrations of human insulin and [U-14C]glucose. Insulin sensitivity was determined as glucose conversion to total lipids (lipogenesis) during 2 hr incubation. Exp't I : Effects of Ratios of Fat to Carbohydrate on Insulin Sensitivity. Eighteen male rats were fed 3 diets for 2 weeks. Diet 1 was low fat-high carbohydrate (4% soybean oil and 66.5% cornstarch) ; diet 2, medium fat-medium sarbohydrate(12% soybean oil and 58.5% cornstarch) ; diet 3, high fat-low carbohydrate (20% soybean oil and 50.5% cornstarch). Insulin sensitivity was higher in the order of LF-HC, MF-HC and HF-LC diet groups (p<0.05), i.e, lipogenesis was higher at all insuline concentration in the explants from rats fed LF-HC diet. However, thers was no significant difference in body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue weight among treatments. Exp't II ; Effects of Energy Restriction on Insulin Sensitivity. Twelve rats were grouped into ad libitum feeding and restricted feeding(70% of ad libitum). The experimental diet was medium fat-medium carbohydrat diet as used in the Exp't I. Restricted feeding group tended to show higher insulin sensitivity compared to ad libitum group. However, there was no statistical difference between two groups. As expected, body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue were higher in the ad libitum group. In summary, the resutls of the current study showed that the epididymal adipose tissue taken from the rats fed low fat-high carbohydrate diet showed higher insulin sensitivity compared to those fed high fat-low carbohydrate, and that resticted feeding tended to elevate insulin sensitivity in these tissues.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.142-145
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• 2019

In recent years, the global GEF(Green Energy Family) activities to preserve the global environment due to energy consumption have been implemented under the Kyoto Protocol for the Prohibition of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive), and WEEE(Waste Electrical and Electronice Equipment) are required to collect waste for the purpose of minimizing waste by integrating lighting and communication. In this paper, we constructed a controller that can control the illumination of RGB LED module by using fuzzy inference system and checking environmental factors(Illumination, distance to the subject, etc.) using microprocessor in real time.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.414-420
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• 2010

This study examines the combined effects of caloric restriction on body composition, blood lipid, and satiety in slightly overweight women by varying food density and aerobic exercise. Twenty-three women were randomly assigned to one of two groups for a four-week weight management program: the high-energy density diet plus exercise (HDE: n = 12, $22{\pm}2$ yrs, $65{\pm}7$ kg, $164{\pm}5$ cm, $35{\pm}4%$ fat) and low-energy density diet plus exercise (LDE: n = 11, $22{\pm}1$ yrs, $67{\pm}7$ kg, $161{\pm}2$ cm, $35{\pm}4%$ fat) groups. Subjects maintained a low-calorie diet (1,500 kcal/day) during the program. Isocaloric ($483{\pm}26$ for HDE, $487{\pm}27$ kcal for LDE) but different weight ($365{\pm}68$ for HDE, $814{\pm}202$ g for LDE) of lunch was provided. After lunch, they biked at 60% of maximum capacity for 40 minutes, five times per week. The hunger level was scaled (1: extremely hungry; 9: extremely full) at 17:30 each day. Before and after the program, the subjects' physical characteristics were measured, and fasting blood samples were drawn. The daily energy intake was $1,551{\pm}259$ for HDE and $1,404{\pm}150$ kcal for LDE (P > 0.05). After four weeks, the subjects' weights and % fat decreased for both LDE (-1.9 kg and -1.5%, P < 0.05) and HDE (-1.6 kg and -1.4%, respectively, P < 0.05). The hunger level was significantly higher for HDE ($2.46{\pm}0.28$) than for LDE ($3.10{\pm}0.26$) (P < 0.05). The results suggest that a low-energy density diet is more likely to be tolerated than a high-energy density diet for a weight management program combining a low-calorie diet and exercise, mainly because of a reduced hunger sensation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1189-1194
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• 2005

An Ad-hoc network which do not use wired and base station system is composed the group of mobile and wireless nodes. That is various type of restriction. The biggest restriction is depend on the confined energy of battery. The network is devide more than two, if one of nodes consumed all energy that node can no longer participate to network. In recent years, the many number of studies research not only energy saving but also the networks lifetime extension which is to solve this problem. In this paper, we examine a AODV routing protocol which is modified to improve networks lifetime in mobile ad-hoc network. The one of improvement for AODV protocol is maximize the networks lifetime as apply Energy Mean Value algorithm which considerate node energy. We show the effectiveness for modified AODV(New-AODV) compared with AODV using NS-2(Network Simulator 2) the various performance metrics.