• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.17 no.1 s.85
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2005

Recycling of waste materials in the construction Industry is a useful method that can cope with an environment restriction of every country. In this study, synthetic lightweight aggregates are manufactured with recycled plastic and fly ash with 12 percent carbon. Nominal maximum-size aggregates of 9.5 mm were produced with fly ash contents of 0, 35, and $80\%$ by the total mass of the aggregate. An expanded clay lightweight aggregate and a normal-weight aggregate were used as comparison. Gradation, density, and absorption capacity are reported for the aggregates. Five batches of concrete were made with the different coarse aggregate types. Mechanical properties of the concrete were determined including density, compressive strength, elastic modulus, splitting tensile strength, fracture toughness, and fracture energy. Salt-scaling resistance, a concrete durability property, was also examined. Compressive and tensile strengths were lower for the synthetic aggregates; however, comparable fracture properties were obtained. Relatively low compressive modulus of elasticity was found for concretes with the synthetic lightweight aggregate, although high ductility was also obtained. As nv ash content of the synthetic lightweight aggregate increased, all properties of the concrete were improved. Excellent salt-scaling resistance was obtained with the synthetic lightweight aggregate containing 80 percent fly ash.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.981-986
• /
• 2020

The Internet of Things refers to a space-of-things connection network configured to allow things with built-in sensors and communication functions to interact with people and other things, regardless of the restriction of place or time.IoT is a network developed for the purpose of services for human convenience, but the scope of its use is expanding across industries such as power transmission, energy management, and factory automation. However, the communication protocol of IoT, MQTT, is a lightweight message transmission protocol based on the push technology and has a security vulnerability, and this suggests that there are risks such as personal information infringement or industrial information leakage. To solve this problem, we designed a synchronous MQTT security channel that creates a secure channel by using the characteristic that different chaotic dynamical systems are synchronized with arbitrary values in the lightweight message transmission MQTT protocol. The communication channel we designed is a method of transmitting information to the noise channel by using characteristics such as random number similarity of chaotic signals, sensitivity to initial value, and reproducibility of signals. The encryption method synchronized with the proposed key value is a method optimized for the lightweight message transmission protocol, and if applied to the MQTT of IoT, it is believed to be effective in creating a secure channel.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.8
• /
• pp.813-823
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the nutrition therapy and drug(simvastatin) treatment on the levels of blood lipids for the hyperlipidemic patients according to genetic polymorphism of apo CIII. Subjects of the study consisted of 43(male: 9, female: 34 )hyperlipidemic patients registered to Kyung Hee Medical Center, Intakes of nutrients for the subjects were determined by 24-hr recall method through a personal interviews. The subjects were instructed to take the hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic diets. Compliance was monitored through food records, personal interview, and body-weight measurements. The patients changed their basal diet containing 40. 1g fat(182.7mg cholesterol./day) to a diet containing 30.7g fat(139.2mg cholesterol/day) after 12 weeks of nutrition therapy. The distribution of genotypes for apo CIII by Msp I was 32.5% of TT, 50.0% of TC, and 17.5% of CC. aT the beginning of the study, the level of blood triglyceride was the highest for patients with TT and TC. Following the nutrition therapy, patients with CC exhibited the largest drop of blood triglyceride. Following simvastatin treatment with nutrition therapy, blood LDL-cholesterol decreased in most of the patiens with TT. Meanwhile the distribution of genotypes for apo CII by the Fok I was 10.0% of TT, 47.5% of TC, and 42.5% of CC. The level of blood triglyceride was the highest for patients with CC. Following the nutrition therapy, patients with TC exhibited a significant drop for the blood triglyceride. Following simvastatin treatment with nutrition therapy the level of blood LDL-cholesterol decreased in most of the patients with CC. We concluded that dietary habits and food have been changed by nutrition therapy. And blood lipid levels have been decreased by the restriction of intakes of energy, fat and cholesterol. There was variation in the levels of blood lipids according to apo CII polymorphisms. The level of blood lipids responded to nutrition therapy and drug treatment in different was according to genetic polymorphisms. Accordingly, the choice of individualized therapy based on the patient\\`s genetic polymorphism is very important for effective therapy(Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 813-823, 2000)

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2007

Under ubiquitous environment, applications can gather and utilize various sensing information. There are many issues such as energy management, protocol standardization, independency on sensor fields, and security to be resolved for the complete ubiquitous computing. Especially, the independent information access in the sensor field is one of the most important issues to maximize the usability of sensors in various sensor fields. However, existing frameworks are not suitable for the ubiquitous computing environment because of data heterogeneity between data elements in sensor fields. Existing applications are dependent to sensor fields and sensors in the existing ubiquitous computing on environment is dependent to the application in the sensor field. In other word, an application can utilize just information from a specific sensor field. To overcome this restriction, many issues from a hardware or software view must be resolved. In this paper, we provide the design and implementation of the Metadata Registry-based framework (UbiMDR) of the Ubiquitous environment. This framework can provides the semantic interoperability among ubiquitous applications or various sensor fields. In addition, we describe comparison evaluation between conventional Ubiquitous computing framework and UbiMDR framework with data accuracy of interoperability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2012

Larix kaempferi and Betula costata seedlings were grown under an elevated temperature ($27^{\circ}C$) for four weeks to understand initial changes on physiological characteristics caused by temperature rising in connection with global warming. At the end of the treatment, growth performance, leaf pigment content, antioxidative enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured and analyzed. Relative growth rates of the height of two tree species grown under elevated temperature ($27^{\circ}C$) were lower than those of control ($24^{\circ}C$) and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were also reduced at higher temperature. Particularly, the root growth reduction of two tree species increased markedly at $27^{\circ}C$ over the study period, which increased the ratio of shoot to root. Under higher temperature, leaf pigment contents decreased, whereas anti-oxidative enzyme activities such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) increased as compared with the control. But MDA content was not affected by elevated temperature. In conclusion, the elevated temperature leads to root growth reduction, restriction of nutrient uptake from soil and the reduction of leaf pigment contents, which can inhibit the aboveground growth. In addition, higher temperature might act as a stress factor that causes growth reduction through the increase of energy consumption during a growth period.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.620-630
• /
• 2006

Event-detection is an important application of sensor networks. Join operations can facilitate event-detection with a condition table predefined by a user. When join operations are used for event-detection, it is desirable, if possible, to do in-network join processing to reduce communication costs. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient in-network join algorithm, called PBA. In PBA, each partition of a condition table is stored along the path from each node to the base station, and then in-network joins are performed on the path. Since each node can identify the parts to store in its storage by its level, PBA reduces the cost of disseminating a condition table considerably Moreover, while the existing method does not work well when the ratio of the size of the condition table to the density of the network is a little bit large, our proposed method PBA does not have such a restriction and works efficiently in most cases. The results of experiments show that PBA is efficient usually and especially provides significant cost reduction over existing one when a condition table is relatively large in comparison with the density of the network, or the routing tree of the network is high.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.239-244
• /
• 2005

Uncoupling protein(UCP) is expressed exclusively in brown adipose tissue(BAT). It is blown to uncouple phosphorylation from oxidation and hence to be involved in energy metabolism and heat production, especially under cold exposure. In the present study, we identified single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) in exon 3 of avUCP gene in Korean native chicken(KNC) population. It was detected a SNP T+1316C in exon 3 of avUCP gene by sequence analysis in KNC population. For PCR-RFLP analysis of the SNP T+1316C, used by AP III restriction enzyme. The result of PCR-RFLP analysis showed that allele T has two fragments of 255 bp and 86 bp, and allele C has only one fragment of 341 bp. The genotype frequencies were TT type, 0.7875; TC type, 0.1875 and CC type, 0.025; and the frequencies of allele T and C were 0.881 and 0.119, respectively in KNC population. Next study was conducted to investigate the effect of the SNP in avUCP gene on economic traits in the KNC population. The TT genotype had a significant higher daily percent lay(84.61) than CC genotype(p<0.05) in KNC population. This study may be useful for genetic studies of avCUP gene and selection on daily percent lay of KNC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
• /
• 1993.06a
• /
• pp.1051-1054
• /
• 1993

The International Atomic Energy Agency's Statute in Article III.A.5 allows it“to establish and administer safeguards designed to ensure that special fissionable and other materials, services, equipment, facilities and information made available by the Agency or at its request or under its supervision or control are not used in such a way as to further any military purpose; and to apply safeguards, at the request of the parties, to any bilateral or multilateral arrangement, or at the request of a State, to any of that State's activities in the field of atomic energy”. Safeguards are essentially a technical means of verifying the fulfilment of political obligations undertaken by States and given a legal force in international agreements relating to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The main political objectives are: to assure the international community that States are complying with their non-proliferation and other peaceful undertakings; and to deter (a) the diversion of afeguarded nuclear materials to the production of nuclear explosives or for military purposes and (b) the misuse of safeguarded facilities with the aim of producing unsafeguarded nuclear material. It is clear that no international safeguards system can physically prevent diversion. The IAEA safeguards system is basically a verification measure designed to provide assurance in those cases in which diversion has not occurred. Verification is accomplished by two basic means: material accountancy and containment and surveillance measures. Nuclear material accountancy is the fundamental IAEA safeguards mechanism, while containment and surveillance serve as important complementary measures. Material accountancy refers to a collection of measurements and other determinations which enable the State and the Agency to maintain a current picture of the location and movement of nuclear material into and out of material balance areas, i. e. areas where all material entering or leaving is measurab e. A containment measure is one that is designed by taking advantage of structural characteristics, such as containers, tanks or pipes, etc. To establish the physical integrity of an area or item by preventing the undetected movement of nuclear material or equipment. Such measures involve the application of tamper-indicating or surveillance devices. Surveillance refers to both human and instrumental observation aimed at indicating the movement of nuclear material. The verification process consists of three over-lapping elements: (a) Provision by the State of information such as - design information describing nuclear installations; - accounting reports listing nuclear material inventories, receipts and shipments; - documents amplifying and clarifying reports, as applicable; - notification of international transfers of nuclear material. (b) Collection by the IAEA of information through inspection activities such as - verification of design information - examination of records and repo ts - measurement of nuclear material - examination of containment and surveillance measures - follow-up activities in case of unusual findings. (c) Evaluation of the information provided by the State and of that collected by inspectors to determine the completeness, accuracy and validity of the information provided by the State and to resolve any anomalies and discrepancies. To design an effective verification system, one must identify possible ways and means by which nuclear material could be diverted from peaceful uses, including means to conceal such diversions. These theoretical ways and means, which have become known as diversion strategies, are used as one of the basic inputs for the development of safeguards procedures, equipment and instrumentation. For analysis of implementation strategy purposes, it is assumed that non-compliance cannot be excluded a priori and that consequently there is a low but non-zero probability that a diversion could be attempted in all safeguards ituations. An important element of diversion strategies is the identification of various possible diversion paths; the amount, type and location of nuclear material involved, the physical route and conversion of the material that may take place, rate of removal and concealment methods, as appropriate. With regard to the physical route and conversion of nuclear material the following main categories may be considered: - unreported removal of nuclear material from an installation or during transit - unreported introduction of nuclear material into an installation - unreported transfer of nuclear material from one material balance area to another - unreported production of nuclear material, e. g. enrichment of uranium or production of plutonium - undeclared uses of the material within the installation. With respect to the amount of nuclear material that might be diverted in a given time (the diversion rate), the continuum between the following two limiting cases is cons dered: - one significant quantity or more in a short time, often known as abrupt diversion; and - one significant quantity or more per year, for example, by accumulation of smaller amounts each time to add up to a significant quantity over a period of one year, often called protracted diversion. Concealment methods may include: - restriction of access of inspectors - falsification of records, reports and other material balance areas - replacement of nuclear material, e. g. use of dummy objects - falsification of measurements or of their evaluation - interference with IAEA installed equipment.As a result of diversion and its concealment or other actions, anomalies will occur. All reasonable diversion routes, scenarios/strategies and concealment methods have to be taken into account in designing safeguards implementation strategies so as to provide sufficient opportunities for the IAEA to observe such anomalies. The safeguards approach for each facility will make a different use of these procedures, equipment and instrumentation according to the various diversion strategies which could be applicable to that facility and according to the detection and inspection goals which are applied. Postulated pathways sets of scenarios comprise those elements of diversion strategies which might be carried out at a facility or across a State's fuel cycle with declared or undeclared activities. All such factors, however, contain a degree of fuzziness that need a human judgment to make the ultimate conclusion that all material is being used for peaceful purposes. Safeguards has been traditionally based on verification of declared material and facilities using material accountancy as a fundamental measure. The strength of material accountancy is based on the fact that it allows to detect any diversion independent of the diversion route taken. Material accountancy detects a diversion after it actually happened and thus is powerless to physically prevent it and can only deter by the risk of early detection any contemplation by State authorities to carry out a diversion. Recently the IAEA has been faced with new challenges. To deal with these, various measures are being reconsidered to strengthen the safeguards system such as enhanced assessment of the completeness of the State's initial declaration of nuclear material and installations under its jurisdiction enhanced monitoring and analysis of open information and analysis of open information that may indicate inconsistencies with the State's safeguards obligations. Precise information vital for such enhanced assessments and analyses is normally not available or, if available, difficult and expensive collection of information would be necessary. Above all, realistic appraisal of truth needs sound human judgment.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.87-107
• /
• 2005

Land Remote Sensing' is defined as the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. Narrowly speaking, this is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information. Remote sensing technology was initially developed with certain purposes in mind ie. military and environmental observation. However, after 1970s, as these high-technologies were taught to private industries, remote sensing began to be more commercialized. Recently, we are witnessing a 0.61-meter high-resolution satellite image on a free market. While privatization of land remote sensing has enabled one to use this information for disaster prevention, map creation, resource exploration and more, it can also create serious threat to a sensed nation's national security, if such high resolution images fall into a hostile group ie. terrorists. The United States, a leading nation for land remote sensing technology, has been preparing and developing legislative control measures against the remote sensing industry, and has successfully created various policies to do so. Through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's authority under the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, the US can restrict sensing and recording of resolution of 0.5 meter or better, and prohibit distributing/circulating any images for the first 24 hours. In 1994, Presidential Decision Directive 23 ordered a 'Shutter Control' policy that details heightened level of restriction from sensing to commercializing such sensitive data. The Directive 23 was even more strengthened in 2003 when the Congress passed US Commercial Remote Sensing Policy. These policies allow Secretary of Defense and Secretary of State to set up guidelines in authorizing land remote sensing, and to limit sensing and distributing satellite images in the name of the national security - US government can use the civilian remote sensing systems when needed for the national security purpose. The fact that the world's leading aerospace technology country acknowledged the magnitude of land remote sensing in the context of national security, and it has made and is making much effort to create necessary legislative measures to control the powerful technology gives much suggestions to our divided Korean peninsula. We, too, must continue working on the Korea National Space Development Act and laws to develop the necessary policies to ensure not only the development of space industry, but also to ensure the national security.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.157-163
• /
• 2004

Nitrogen ion implantation and ion plating techniques were applied for improvement of the wear resistance of metallic implant materials. In this work, the wear dissolution behaviour of a nitrogen ion implanted super stainless steel (S.S.S, 22Cr-20Ni-6Mo-0.25N) was compared with those of S.S.S, 316L SS and TiN coated 316L SS. The amounts of Cr and Ni ions worn-out from the specimens were Investigated using an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Furthermore, the Ti(Grade 2) disks were coated with TiN, ZrN and TiCN by use of low temperature arc vapor deposition and the wear resistance of the coating layers was compared with that of titanium. The chemical compositions of the nitrogen ion implanted and nitride coated layers were examined with a scanting auger electron spectroscopy. It wat observed that the metal ions released from the nitrogen ion implanted S.S.S surface were significantly reduced. From the results obtained, it was shown that the nitrogen ion implanted zone obtained with 100 KeV ion energy was easily removed within 200,000 revolutions from a wear dissolution testing under a similar load condition when applied to artificial hip joint. The remarkable improvement in wear resistance weir confirmed by the nitrides coated Ti materials and the wear properties differ greatly according to the chemical composition of the coating layers. for specimens with the same coating thickness of about 3$\mu\textrm{m}$, TiCN coated Ti showed the highest wear resistance. However, after removing the coating layers, the wear rates of all nitrides coated Ti reverted to their normal rates of below 10,000 revolutions from Ti-disk-on-disk wear testing under the same load condition. From the results obtained, it is suggested that the insufficient depth of the 100 Kel N$\^$＋/ ion implanted zone and of the nitrides coated layers of 3$\mu\textrm{m}$ are subject to restriction when used as frictional parts of load bearing implants.